Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major global health issue. Approximately 250 million new cases of STDs occur each year globally. Currently, only three STDs (human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A, and hepatitis B) are preventable by vaccines. Vaccines for other STDs, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, await successful development. Currently, all of these STDs are treated with antibiotics. However, the efficacy of antibiotics is facing growing challenge due to the emergence of bacterial resistance. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches, including the development of vaccines against these STDs, should be explored to tackle this important global public health issue. Mass vaccination could be more efficient in reducing the spread of these highly contagious diseases. Bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) is a potential antigen used to prevent STDs. OMVs are released spontaneously during growth by many Gram-negative bacteria. They present a wide range of surface antigens in native conformation that possess interesting properties such as immunogenicity, adjuvant potential, and the ability to be taken up by immune cells, all of which make them an attractive target for application as vaccines against pathogenic bacteria. The major challenge associated with the use of OMVs is its fragile structure and stability. However, a particulate form of the vaccine could be a suitable delivery system that can protect the antigen from degradation by a harsh acidic or enzymatic environment. The particulate form of the vaccine can also act as an adjuvant by itself. This review will highlight some practical methods for formulating microparticulate OMV-based vaccines for STDs.
Highlights
According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are still of concern to public health and safety include bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, viral hepatitis, genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, HPV, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), syphilis, trichomoniasis, chancroid, and scabies [1]
We aim to summarize the recent advances on outer membrane vesicle (OMV) as vaccine candidates against STDs, with special emphasis on Chlamydiae trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia is currently treated with antibiotics; this approach appears to be less effective in reducing the prevalence of this infection
Summary
According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), several STDs that are still of concern to public health and safety include bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, viral hepatitis, genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, HPV, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), syphilis, trichomoniasis, chancroid, and scabies [1]. Most STDs are caused by Gram-negative bacterial infection and transmission, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis [1,2,3]. Syphilis is transmitted between individual by direct contact during anal, vaginal, or oral sex, when an individual comes in direct contact with a syphilitic sore known as a chancre This disease is highly contagious, and because its transmission occurs by contact with primary chancres or via secondary lesions, prevention of this disease would be the most effective way to reduce the number of cases. The rise in resistance indicates that the treatment guidelines may change again in the future to combat STDs effectively Another possible way to treat these STDs can be accomplished by formulating a microparticulate-based bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine. OMVs play essential roles in biofilm formation, regulating bacterial virulence and drug resistance [22,23]
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