Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms can lead to serious outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, particularly if fresh produce becomes contaminated and then happens to be inappropriately handled in a manner that can incubate pathogens. Pathogenic microbial contamination of produce can occur through a variety of pathways, such as from the excrement of domesticated and wild animals, biological soil amendment, agricultural water, worker health and hygiene, and field tools used during growth and harvest. The use of mature manure compost and preventative control of fecal contamination from wildlife and livestock are subject to safety standards to minimize the risk of foodborne illness associated with produce. However, in a field production environment, neither traces of animal feces nor the degree of maturity of manure compost can be identified by the naked eye. In this study, we investigated hyperspectral fluorescence imaging techniques to characterize fecal samples from bovine, swine, poultry, and sheep species, and to determine feasibilities for both detecting the presence of animal feces as well as identifying the species origin of the feces in mixtures of soil and feces. In addition, the imaging techniques were evaluated for assessing the maturity of manure compost. The animal feces exhibited dynamic and unique fluorescence emission features that allowed for the detection of the presence of feces and showed that identification of the species origin of fecal matter present in soil-feces mixtures is feasible. Furthermore, the results indicate that using simple single-band fluorescence imaging at the fluorescence emission maximum for animal feces, simpler than full-spectrum hyperspectral fluorescence imaging, can be used to assess the maturity of manure compost.
Highlights
From 1996 to 2010, approximately 131 fresh produce-related outbreaks occurred, resulting in 14,132 outbreak-related illnesses, 1360 hospitalizations and 27 deaths [1,2]
The emission features of pig, cow, and chicken feces obtained from the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system using 405 nm excitation were consistent with previously reported results from a spectrofluorometer
It was demonstrated that the detection of animal feces and the identification of species origin in soil-feces mixtures are feasible
Summary
From 1996 to 2010, approximately 131 fresh produce-related outbreaks occurred, resulting in 14,132 outbreak-related illnesses, 1360 hospitalizations and 27 deaths [1,2]. The increase in cases of foodborne illness linked to fresh produce can be attributed to increased consumption, Appl. According to investigations of pathogenic microbial outbreaks that have occurred in the United States, pathogens that were the leading causes of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths have been Norovirus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli (STEC) O157 [5]. Data on the source of outbreaks shows that the majority of outbreaks related to fresh produce have mostly been caused by zoonotic bacterial pathogens of animal origin such as Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 [2].
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