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Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two common risk factors of various life-threatening disease pathogenesis. In recent years, medicinal plants that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were extensively studied for their potential role in treating and preventing diseases. Spilanthes acmella (S. acmella), which has been traditionally used to treat toothache in Malaysia, contains various active metabolites responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anesthetic bioactivities. These bioactivities were attributed to bioactive compounds, such as phenolic, flavonoids, and alkamides. The review focused on the summarization of in vitro and in vivo experimental reports on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of S. acmella, as well as how they contributed to potential health benefits in lowering the risk of diseases that were related to oxidative stress. The molecular mechanism of S. acmella in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory targets, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transcription factors of the nuclear factor-κB family (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were discussed. Besides, the antioxidant potential of S. acmella was measured by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide anion radical scavenging (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assays. This review revealed that S. acmella might have a potential role as a reservoir of bioactive agents contributing to the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and health beneficial effects.
Highlights
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that metabolites of S. acmella contributed to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities
S. acmella and its active metabolites contain high total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonid content (TFC), which contributed to the high antioxidant activities in a cell-free system through chemical method (DPPH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SOD)) assays
Few studies have determined the antioxidant activity of S. acmella in a cell system
Summary
Inflammation is a protective mechanism that aims to restore the integrity of damaged or threatened tissues from injury or infectious pathogens [1]. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged pathological condition characterized by mononuclear immune cell infiltration, tissue destruction, and fibrosis. It adversely affects cell function through excessive production of free radicals and depletion of antioxidants [2]. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from activated neutrophils and macrophages leads to tissue injury by damaging the macromolecules and lipid peroxidation of the membrane [3,4].
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