Abstract
AimThe aim to this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility and antibiofilm actions of two nano-hydroxy apatite (NHA).MethodologyNano-hydroxy apatites are biomaterials use in direct contact with living tissues. Therefore, they should be tested for their safety beside assessment of their minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using broth microdilution method. One hundred and twenty extracted bovine incisors were collected and cleaned to ensure the absence of any defects. Enamel blocks with different size (2 × 2 × 3 mm) and (5 × 5 × 2 mm) were prepared from their labial surfaces using an isomet saw. Enamel blocks are used for detecting the suitable concentration will be used in the following experiments using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The remaining enamel blocks divided into 5 equal groups to detect inhibitory effect against bacterial adhesion to the initial enamel caries like lesions using viable count technique beside the antibiofilm activity against mature biofilm of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) using confocal laser microscopy. The remaining enamel blocks were used as a representing data for detecting surface topography for each group by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultThe data showed safety of NHA suspensions. Additionally, only NHA suspension of large nanoparticle size (NHA-LPS) had MIC of 1.25 mg/ml against S. mutans. Also, have the higher percentages of Ca and P in the enamel blocks. Furthermore, the lowest level of bacterial adhesion was recorded in (group III) treated by NHA-LPS which was non-significantly different with the positive control group V. Biofilm thickness in group IV treated with NHA-small particle size (SPS) recorded high biofilm thickness followed by group III. Interestingly, group III showed greater killing effect against mature biofilm which is slightly higher than the positive control group V. In group III, surface topography revealed very smooth enamel surface with closed pores. Accordingly, NHA-LPS suspension had antiadhesive, antibacterial, and antibiofilm effect against cariogenic S. mutans representing a promising possibility to be recommended for safe effective remineralization.
Highlights
Dental caries is the most widespread disease that affects all ages [1]
Bacteria play an important role in dental caries; they are organized into a yellowish film known as dental plaque on teeth surfaces
Acidogenic and aciduric S. mutans were selected for this study considering it as a major etiological challenge in the development of dental caries [47]
Summary
Dental caries is the most widespread disease that affects all ages [1]. It is defined as dynamic, complex, multifactorial [2] biofilmrelated oral disease [3] that starts with microbial shifts within the complex biofilm and is affected by salivary flow and composition, increased rate of dietary sugar, exposure to fluoride (F) and preventive behavior [4].Bacteria play an important role in dental caries; they are organized into a yellowish film known as dental plaque on teeth surfaces. Dental caries is the most widespread disease that affects all ages [1]. It is defined as dynamic, complex, multifactorial [2] biofilmrelated oral disease [3] that starts with microbial shifts within the complex biofilm and is affected by salivary flow and composition, increased rate of dietary sugar, exposure to fluoride (F) and preventive behavior [4]. Bacteria play an important role in dental caries; they are organized into a yellowish film known as dental plaque on teeth surfaces. Research on the bacteriology of dental caries has focused on the S. mutans and its ability to ferment sucrose to produce significant amounts of acid and extracellular polysaccharides (plaque) [5]. The adhesion of bacteria may be affected by a variety of microbiological, physical, chemical, and material-related parameters [6–9]. The adhering parameters can be significantly influenced by the topography of substrate surface [10] where different studies [11–13] showed that the roughened enamel surface could significantly increase susceptibility to bacterial adhesion [14]
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