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Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring tubular clay made of aluminosilicate sheets rolled several times. HNT has been used to reinforce many rubbers. However, the narrow diameter of this configuration causes HNT to have poor interfacial contact with the rubber matrix. Therefore, increasing the distance between layers could improve interfacial contact with the matrix. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)/HNT was the focus. The HNT layer distance was successfully increased by a urea-mechanochemical process. Attachment of urea onto HNT was verified by FTIR, where new peaks appeared around 3505 cm−1 and 3396 cm−1, corresponding to urea’s functionalities. The intercalation of urea to the distance gallery of HNT was revealed by XRD. It was also found that the use of urea-treated HNT improved the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This was clearly responsible for interactions between ENR and urea-treated HNT. It was further verified by observing the Payne effect. The value of the Payne effect was found to be reduced at 62.38% after using urea for treatment. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the results from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
Highlights
Incorporation of fillers into rubber has been a major ingredient for rubber compounds.They are added to rubber for many purposes, such as improving durability, thermal stability, and even to cheapen the manufacturing costs [1]
Being an economically viable material, Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) has been available in many interesting research works; the novel properties and related applications of HNT have been successively reported over decades
Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) with 20 mole% epoxide was compounded with HNT and other ingredients except for the curatives (CBS and sulfur) in a Brabender plasticorder
Summary
Incorporation of fillers into rubber has been a major ingredient for rubber compounds. Increasing the basal distance of the HNT layers has been one of the major approaches to improve the interfacial adhesion between HNT and rubber matrix [11]. The aim of this study is to use urea-treated HNT in the ENR matrix to improve the overall properties of the composites. With this idea, the interfacial adhesion between HNT and ENR may be improved, while good rubber-filler interactions are assured by the polarity of ENR. This study proposed certain methods of evaluating the reinforcing efficiency of the composites, namely mechanical properties, dynamic properties, and SIC The latter method is considered an interesting route, and not many reports have been focused on it. N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide was obtained from Flexsys America L.P., Akron, OH, USA, and soluble sulfur was purchased from Siam Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Samut Prakan, Thailand
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