Abstract
Recently, botanical insecticides have more alertness in pest control programs for its various advantages. Alhagi maurorum plant (camel thorn) one of the important medicinal plants in Fabaceae. The phytoacaricidal activity of A. maurorum plant extracts was evaluated against Panonychus citri. The aerial part of A. maurorum was extracted by methanol, petroleum ether, and water separately using the soaking and Soxhlet extraction. The rate of female daily deposited eggs varied considerably according to A. maurorum plant extracts and the sublethal concentrations. A few numbers of eggs laid were observed with the methanol extract (0.73 eggs), petroleum ether (2.16 eggs), and aqueous (4.31 eggs) at LC75, while the high number observed in the untreated female groups (29.37 eggs) and Selecron insecticide (6.99 eggs). The same pattern was occurred in the hatchability with the tested bio-acaricides compared with Selecron insecticide and untreated ones. Based on sublethal dose LC25, LC50, and LC75, the tested acaricides was significantly reduced the number of hatched eggs, where it reached (30.7, 13, 5.6%), (37.6, 21.6, 15%) and (44.3, 30.8, 23.8%) for methanol, petroleum ether, and aqueous plant extract, respectively compared with untreated groups (91.2%). Concurrently, data showed that methanol extract has a significantly impacted on the reduction of viability (58.16%) and reproductive process while the effect was less with the aqueous plant extracts (46.21%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified various bioactive complexes (phenols, tannins, and fatty acids) with insecticidal activity. The peak of compounds was higher in Benzene, (1-butylhebtyl)- undecane, 5-phenyl (8.75 %), Maltol 4H-pyran-4-one,3-hydroxy-2-methyl(2.74%) 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, linolenic acid (2.45%) in petroleum ether extract and 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (3.66%), 2-Furan-carboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) (3.33%), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalatehalic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester (5.58%) in methanol extract. 2,3-Dimethylpenzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile (20.26%), 4-Fluoroveratrole, fluorobenzene,3,4-methoxy (19.52%) and Hexadecanoic acid (0.87 %). Finally, we concluded that methanol, petroleum ether, and aqueous extracts screened showed phytoacaricidal activity against mite P. citri.
Highlights
Alhagi belongs to the Fabaceae plants that produce several vital secondary metabolites
The obtained results showed that A. maurorum plant extracts have prominent acaricidal activity against Panonychus citri
The results showed that egg-laying, rate of hatchability, and reproductive potential of female citrus red mite are decreasing by increasing concentration and the type of plant extract solvent
Summary
Alhagi belongs to the Fabaceae plants that produce several vital secondary metabolites. Alhagi maurorum is a legume species that are identified as Camel thorn (Duke 2007), where it distributes in different ecological areas, where it located in temperate areas like in Mediterranean region and mountains of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Alhagi plant contains defensive compounds like phenolic and flavonoid compounds and many of different flavonoids were isolated (Sultan et al, 2011). Some studies were investigated on Alhagi species and it indicated many secondary metabolism compounds like alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and sterols (Behari and Gupt 1980, Kalhoro et al, 1997, Awaad et al, 2011 and Verma et al, 2013). Mena et al (2016) revealed that A. maurorum and Rosmarinus officinalis have an insecticidal effect which may be the occurrence of effective compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and phenols compounds in its extract Some studies were investigated on Alhagi species and it indicated many secondary metabolism compounds like alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and sterols (Behari and Gupt 1980, Kalhoro et al, 1997, Awaad et al, 2011 and Verma et al, 2013). Mena et al (2016) revealed that A. maurorum and Rosmarinus officinalis have an insecticidal effect which may be the occurrence of effective compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and phenols compounds in its extract
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