Potassium supply promotes the mitigation of NaCl-induced effects on leaf photochemistry, metabolism and morphology of Setaria viridis

Abstract

Soil salinity has the potential to severely affect crop performance. To maintain cell functioning and improve salt tolerance, the maintenance of K+ homeostasis is crucial in several plant metabolism processes. Besides, potassium fertilization can efficiently alleviate the perilous effects of salinity. We characterized impacts in Setaria viridis exposed to NaCl and KCl to underlying photochemistry mechanisms, K+ and Na+ shoot contents, enzymatic activity, electrolytic leakage, and morphological responses focusing on non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. Plants were exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl; 0, 150 and 250 mM) and potassium chloride (KCl; 0, 5, 9 mM). The exposure to NaCl affected S. viridis leaves morphological and physiologically. Plants submitted to 150 mM showed reductions in performance indexes (PIabs and PItotal; JIP-test), and the presence of positive K- and L-bands. Plants exposed to 250 mM exhibited blockage in electron flow further than QA within 48h and permanent photoinhibition at 96 h. The presence of 9 and 5 mM of KCl counteracted the effects of NaCl on plants submitted to 150 mM, concomitant with increases in K+ accumulation and cell turgidity conservation, causing positive effects in plant growth and metabolism. Neither KCl concentrations were effective in reducing NaCl-induced effects on plants exposed to 250 mM of NaCl. Our results support the conclusion that greater availability of K+ alleviates the harmful effects of salinity in S. viridis under moderate stress and that application of KCl as means of lightning saline stress has a concentration and a salt level limit that must be experimentally determined.