POTASSIUM STATUS OF IRRIGATED BROWN CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA

Abstract

A series of 10 field experiments conducted over a 4-yr period (1973–1976) on three of the most important Brown Chernozemic soils in the irrigated area of southern Alberta gave no significant yield responses to applied K (at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha −1 in 1973 and 0, 127, 254 and 508 kg ha−1 in the other years), using potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the test crop. The experiments included several cultivars, a variety of growing conditions, and diverse cropping histories. In addition, the K concentration of uppermost mature leaf blades obtained at the 10%-bloom stage were only slightly affected by K treatments, except in 1 yr (1975). The increased K uptake in 1975 was related to greater precipitation before irrigation was applied (66, 99 and 94 mm, respectively) during April, May and June in comparison with the long-term average of 32, 54 and 76 mm. The effects of early-season soil moisture stress were partially confirmed in a controlled environment (CE) experiment in which maintenance of soil water potentials between −30 and −20 kPa throughout the season caused greater uptake of added K in comparison with soil moisture stress in the 0–15 cm zone prior to the 10%-bloom stage. Yields of tubers were depressed with the stressed treatment, but there was no yield response to added K. Leaf analyses from the field experiments indicate that the critical K level of 43 g kg−1, which was established earlier for the Russet Burbank cultivar growing on Podzol soils is too high for irrigated Chernozemic soils, and that 30 g kg−1 would be a more valid tentative value. In a second CE experiment, designed to quantify the fate of applied K during intensive cropping, no yield responses to K applications were obtained with alfalfa on a coarse-textured Cavendish sandy loam during a 2-yr period. With no applied K, crop uptake reduced exchangeable K levels throughout the entire profile (66 cm) by about 20%. Thirty percent of the K removed by the crop originated from nonexchangeable soil K. With the highest K rate (450 kg ha−1 applied twice), 50% could be attributed to plant uptake, 15% to increased exchangeable K, and 35% to fixation in the nonexchangeable form. It is concluded that response to applied K on irrigated Brown and Dark Brown Chernozemic soils of southern Alberta is unlikely, even with intensive cropping, for some time in the future. A practical strategy for producers could be to apply moderate rates of K as a conservation measure when economic conditions are favorable and to rely on soil reserves in times of financial pressures. Key words: K-release, K-fixation, leaf analysis, fertilizer K requirements, soil water stress, K deficiency