Potassium-selective optrode based on an immobilized fluorogenic crown ether

Abstract

A new optical sensor phase for potassium ions has been developed based on the immobilization of the pH-dependent fluorogenic crown ether 4-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6 on the non-ionic polymeric resin Amberlite XAD-2. Two different optical designs, a flow-through sensor and a fibre optic probetype sensor (optrode), have been constructed and their analytical performance characteristics have been evaluated. The resulting fluorimetric sensors for K+ ions exhibited detection limits of 0.4 or 0.8 μM of K+ (16 μg/l or 31 μg/l), depending on the design, while the linear response occurred from 1 to 25 μM of the metal concentrations. The precision, evaluated as the relative standard deviation of measurements of K+ levels at around ten times the detection limit (e.g. 5 μM), turned out to be around ±2%. Advantageous features of this fluorimetric sensing phase and optrode include ease of construction, simplicity of use, reversibility, short response times (ca. 1 min full scale deflection) selectivity and operational stability, suitable for sensing potassium at low levels in complex matrices such as biological fluids. The fluorimetric optical sensor has been successfully applied to the direct determination of potassium in clinically important samples (serum and urine) and in natural waters. Very good accuracy has been obtained just using adequate synthetic aqueous potassium standards for calibration.