Posttraumatic Stress and Opioid Use and Pain among Individuals with Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Reported Chronic Pain: The Role of Health Literacy

Abstract

Background Chronic pain and opioid misuse are a prevalent comorbidity with deleterious health outcomes. Growing work indicates that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can increase the risk for chronic pain and opioid misuse and dependence. However, there is little understanding of social determinants of health (SDoH) that may account for interrelations of PTSD with chronic pain and opioid misuse and dependence. Health literacy is one relevant SDoH construct, reflecting the ability to gather, process, and comprehend health-related information required to engage in a healthcare setting. Objective The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the indirect effect of health literacy in the association between PTSD and opioid misuse, opioid dependence, pain intensity, and pain disability. Method The sample included 142 adults (Mage = 35.2, SD = 9.9; 67.4% female; 70.1% White/Caucasian) with self-reported chronic pain and probable PTSD who were using opioid medication. Results Results demonstrated that PTSD symptom severity had a small indirect effect on opioid misuse and opioid dependence via health literacy; no indirect effects were evident for pain intensity and disability. Conclusion The present investigation provides evidence that health literacy may serve as an important explanatory factor in associations between PTSD symptom severity and opioid misuse and dependence among adults with co-occurring probable PTSD and chronic pain.