Abstract
Sirtuins are protein deacetylases that play a protective role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as many other diseases. Absence of sirtuins can lead to hyperacetylation of both nuclear and mitochondrial proteins leading to metabolic dysregulation. The protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are known to crosstalk among each other to bring about complex phenotypic outcomes. Various PTM types such as acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation, and so on, drive transcriptional regulation and metabolism, but such crosstalks are poorly understood. We integrated protein–protein interactions (PPI) and PTMs from several databases to integrate information on 1,251 sirtuin-interacting proteins, of which 544 are associated with cardiac diseases. Based on the ∼100,000 PTM sites obtained for sirtuin interactors, we observed that the frequency of PTM sites (83 per protein), as well as PTM types (five per protein), is higher than the global average for human proteome. We found that ∼60–70% PTM sites fall into ordered regions. Approximately 83% of the sirtuin interactors contained at least one competitive crosstalk (in situ) site, with half of the sites occurring in CVD-associated proteins. A large proportion of identified crosstalk sites were observed for acetylation and ubiquitination competition. We identified 614 proteins containing PTM hotspots (≥5 PTM sites) and 133 proteins containing crosstalk hotspots (≥3 crosstalk sites). We observed that a large proportion of disease-associated sequence variants were found in PTM motifs of CVD proteins. We identified seven proteins (TP53, LMNA, MAPT, ATP2A2, NCL, APEX1, and HIST1H3A) containing disease-associated variants in PTM and crosstalk hotspots. This is the first comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on sirtuin interactors with respect to PTMs and their crosstalks. This study forms a platform for generating interesting hypotheses that can be tested for a deeper mechanistic understanding gained or derived from big-data analytics.
Highlights
Sirtuins are a class of lysine deacetylases that remove acetylation from important metabolic proteins and regulate diverse metabolic processes
We describe how different post-translational modifications (PTMs) are distributed among these interactors to study the trends of important PTMs and their crosstalks
Connected nodes in a network depend on multiple functionalities by the interactions of proteins mediated by their PTMs
Summary
Sirtuins are a class of lysine deacetylases that remove acetylation from important metabolic proteins and regulate diverse metabolic processes. During calorie restriction or exercise condition, sirtuins show enhanced activity compared to HDACs because of their dependence on NAD+ for enzymatic activity. This makes them an important player in all major metabolic processes. All of them are known to play important roles in various diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer disease, insulin resistance, aging, diabetes, and inflammation Their roles in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been interrogated extensively, and further exploration of sirtuins is necessary to aid in development of therapeutics for cardioprotection (Porter et al, 2012; Gajjala et al, 2015; Sun et al, 2018)
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