Abstract
Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Postprandial inflammation following the prolonged elevation of triglycerides occurring subsequent to ingestion of high-fat meals, provides a likely explanation for increased disease risk. Substantial evidence has shown that acute exercise is an effective modality for attenuation of postprandial lipemia following a high-fat meal. However, much of the evidence pertaining to exercise intensity, duration, and overall energy expenditure for reducing postprandial lipemia is inconsistent. The effects of these different exercise variables on postprandial inflammation is largely unknown. Long-term, frequent exercise, however, appears to effectively reduce systemic inflammation, especially in at-risk or diseased individuals. With regard to an acute postprandial response, without a recent bout of exercise, high levels of chronic exercise do not appear to reduce postprandial lipemia. This review summarizes the current literature on postprandial and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals, and the roles that both acute and chronic exercise play. This review may be valuable for health professionals who wish to provide evidence-based, pragmatic advice for reducing postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk for their patients. A brief review of proposed mechanisms explaining how high-fat meals may result in pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic environments is also included.
Highlights
The typical Western diet is characterized by sizable portions of highly processed foods, large amounts of added sugars, and a high total fat content
Previous research suggests that even a single high-fat meal (HFM) may induce postprandial inflammation [7, 8] and endothelial dysfunction [9], due to the prolonged elevation of TRG in the blood stream known as postprandial lipemia (PPL) [10]
There is no widely agreed upon definition of PPL, postprandial lipemia may be defined as the prolonged elevation of TRG and triyglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs)
Summary
The typical Western diet is characterized by sizable portions of highly processed foods, large amounts of added sugars, and a high total fat content. Many individuals spend the majority of their day in a postprandial state, characterized by elevated levels of circulating triglycerides (TRG) following a meal. Recent evidence has shown the progression of the disease to be more related to inflammation within the blood vessel wall [3]. Individuals with elevated levels of systemic inflammation have been shown to have an increased risk for sudden cardiac events and mortality [4,5,6]. Previous research suggests that even a single high-fat meal (HFM) may induce postprandial inflammation [7, 8] and endothelial dysfunction [9], due to the prolonged elevation of TRG in the blood stream known as postprandial lipemia (PPL) [10]. There is no widely agreed upon definition of PPL, postprandial lipemia may be defined as the prolonged elevation of TRG and triyglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs)
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