Postpartum depression, social support and maternal self-efficacy between adolescent and adult mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative cross-sectional study.

Abstract

To determine the rate and level of postpartum depression (PPD), as well as to examine and compare PPD, social support and maternal self-efficacy between adolescent and adult mothers at 8 weeks postpartum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy measures to reduce the rapid spread of COVID-19 have disrupted many aspects of life and decreased social connections, which negatively impacts psychological well-being of the general population. However, studies focused on the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and maternal self-efficacy in postpartum mothers, particularly adolescent mothers, are limited. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out following the STROBE guidelines. An online questionnaire was administered from February to March 2021. Data were collected by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Postpartum Support Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) at 8 weeks postpartum. One-way MANOVA was used to analyse the data. Data from 63 adolescent mothers and 63 adult mothers were analysed. There were significant correlations between PPD, social support and maternal self-efficacy of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both adolescent and adult mothers had significantly negative impacts from the pandemic on mental health, social support and maternal self-efficacy. However, the adolescent mothers had higher rates of depressive symptoms (36.5% and 23.8%, respectively) as well as lower PSQ score (121.25 and 130.52, respectively) and PSOC scores (62.54 and 70.94, respectively) compared with adult mothers in the first 8 weeks postpartum during the pandemic. Adolescent mothers had a significantly higher rate of depressive symptoms and significantly lower social support and maternal self-efficacy scores compared to adult mothers at 8 weeks postpartum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Midwives or nurses should emphasize the negative mental health impacts during the COVID-19 situation and routinely screen for depressive symptoms, especially in adolescent mothers, which could help identify the at-risk mothers for developing PPD. Neither patients nor the public were directly involved in the study.