Postoperative fluid retention after heart surgery is accompanied by a strongly positive sodium balance and a negative potassium balance.

Abstract

The conventional model on the distribution of electrolyte infusions states that water will distribute proportionally over both the intracellular (ICV) and extracellular (ECV) volumes, while potassium homes to the ICV and sodium to the ECV. Therefore, total body potassium is the most accurate measure of ICV and thus potassium balances can be used to quantify changes in ICV. In cardiothoracic patients admitted to the ICU we performed complementary balance studies to measure changes in ICV and ECV. In 39 patients, fluid, sodium, potassium, and electrolyte‐free water (EFW) balances were determined to detect changes in ICV and ECV. Cumulatively over 4 days, these patients received a mean ± SE infusion of 14.0 ± 0.6 L containing 1465 ± 79 mmol sodium, 196 ± 11 mmol potassium and 2.1 ± 0.1 L EFW. This resulted in strongly positive fluid (4.0 ± 0.6 L) and sodium (814 ± 75 mmol) balances but in negative potassium (−101 ± 14 mmol) and EFW (−1.1 ± 0.2 L) balances. We subsequently compared potassium balances (528 patients) and fluid balances (117 patients) between patients who were assigned to either a 4.0 or 4.5 mmol/L blood potassium target. Although fluid balances were similar in both groups, the additionally administered potassium (76 ± 23 mmol) in the higher target group was fully excreted by the kidneys (70 ± 23 mmol). These findings indicate that even in the context of rapid and profound volume expansion neither water nor potassium moves into the ICV.