Postmortem tissue concentrations of venlafaxine

Abstract

Venlafaxine is a phenethylamine antidepressant which inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and is structurally unrelated to the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Its major metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), also inhibits serotonin reuptake. Although metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) system, venlafaxine inhibits CYP 2D6 and 3A4 to a far lesser extent than do the SSRIs. Mechanisms of drug action are reviewed and evaluated in the investigation of 12 fatalities occurring over a 6-month-period where venlafaxine was detected. Venlafaxine and ODV were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) using atmospheric pressure ionization (API) electrospray in positive mode following an n-butyl chloride extraction. Postmortem tissue concentrations studied in each of 12 postmortem cases for venlafaxine and ODV, were 0.1–36 and <0.05–3.5 mg/l (peripheral blood), <0.05–22 and <0.05–9.9 mg/kg (liver), <0.05–10 and <0.05–1.5 mg/l (vitreous), <0.05–53 and <0.05–6.8 mg/l (bile), <0.05–55 and <0.05–21 mg/l (urine), respectively, and 0.1–200 mg of venlafaxine in the gastric contents. Venlafaxine was typically present with other drugs, including other antidepressants, alcohol, and benzodiazepines. The potential for interaction with each drug is discussed. Over the 6-month-period of this study, there were no deaths ascribed solely to venlafaxine intoxication.