Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Abstract

Introduction. Postmenopausal women are at a great risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis. The two main factors causing osteoporosis are aging and loss of the gonadal function. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily the consequence of estrogen deficiency, whereas senile osteoporosis is related to the natural aging process. Risk factors for the onset of osteoporosis. Risk factors include: age of 50 years and over. female gender. Caucasian race, genetic predisposition, short stature, under?nourishment, physical inactivity, amenorrhea, late menarche, early menopause, estrogen and androgen deficiency, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, calcium deficiency in the diet, use of some drugs. Osteoporosis complications. Osteoporosis is the main cause of bone fractures in older population. Biochemical indicators of bone metabolism. A great number of bone formation and resorption markers are listed. Diagnostics. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the hip and spine are a worldwide standard in diagnosing osteoporosis. Dual X-ray laser heel measurement is an alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quantitative computed tomography measures thin layers by cross-sectional scans. Quantitative ultrasonography is a good method, but the measurements are not as precise as by other imaging techniques. Drug treatment of osteoporosis. Modern treatment of osteoporosis includes application of bisphosphonates, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, calcium preparations, vitamin D, monoclonal antibodies, hormonal therapy, estrogens, and phytoestrogens. Prevention. Lifestyle changes and non-pharmacological measures are most important for healthy bones. Physical activity, nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D, avoidance of smoking and alcohol consumption are of crucial importance for people of all ages. especially for the older ones.