Abstract
Abstract Intact, mature apple (Malus pumila, Mill. cv. Richared Delicious) fruit exhibited 2 exotherms, at −2.1 ± 0.1°C and at −4.7 ± 0.3° during freezing. Freezing only through Exotherm 1 caused fruit softening. Freezing to inception of Exotherm 2 caused increased softening, and also slightly increased ion leakage. Freezing to termination of Exotherm 2 produced a 3rd increment of softening, greatly increased ion leakage, and reduced respiration. Only with freezing through termination of Exotherm 2 did visual injury symptoms occur; these symptoms were evident several hours after thawing, and apparently reflected lethal injury to the fruit. Injury was no greater after 3 months than after 1 month of storage at 0° following freezing.
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