Abstract
Correct timing of developmental phase transitions is critical for the survival and fitness of plants. Developmental phase transitions in plants are partially promoted by controlling relevant genes into active or repressive status. Polycomb Repressive Complex1 (PRC1) and PRC2, originally identified in Drosophila, are essential in initiating and/or maintaining genes in repressive status to mediate developmental phase transitions. Our review summarizes mechanisms in which the embryo-to-seedling transition, the juvenile-to-adult transition, and vegetative-to-reproductive transition in plants are mediated by PRC1 and PRC2, and suggests that PRC1 could act either before or after PRC2, or that they could function independently of each other. Details of the exact components of PRC1 and PRC2 in each developmental phase transitions and how they are recruited or removed will need to be addressed in the future.
Highlights
Phase Transitions Mediated by Plants develop from embryos to seedlings when they are exposed to germinationinducing factors, followed afterward by juvenile and adult vegetative development
Though Polycomb Repressive Complex1 (PRC1) was originally identified as a suppressor for embryonic traits, genome-wide analysis showed that PRC1 components AtRING1A/B, AtBMI1A/B/C, EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1 (EMF1) and LHP1 act as repressors and as activators, and they act in all plant developmental stages [35]
These results suggest that the PRC1-dependent activity of PRC2 may be target-specific
Summary
Phase Transitions Mediated by Plants develop from embryos to seedlings when they are exposed to germinationinducing factors, followed afterward by juvenile and adult vegetative development. The methylation of H3K27 is carried out by histone methyltransferases (HMTases), while demethylases remove the methylation [5] In both animals and plants, Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are primarily responsible for gene silencing via the H3K27 methylation. In. Drosophila, the PRC2 contains four core constituents: Enhancer of Zeste (E(z)), a histone methyltransferase (HMTase); Extra Sex Combs (ESC), a WD-40 domain protein; Suppressor of Zeste 12 (Su(z)12), a zinc finger protein; and a 55 kDa nucleosome remodeling factor (Nurf or p55). Drosophila, the PRC2 contains four core constituents: Enhancer of Zeste (E(z)), a histone methyltransferase (HMTase); Extra Sex Combs (ESC), a WD-40 domain protein; Suppressor of Zeste 12 (Su(z)12), a zinc finger protein; and a 55 kDa nucleosome remodeling factor (Nurf or p55) Both PRC1 and PRC2 are involved in H3K27me mediated gene silencing but act differently. We will focus on the roles of PRC1 and PRC2 in regulating post-embryonic developmental phase transitions, including the embryo-to-seedling transition, juvenile-to-adult vegetative phase transition, and vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition
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