Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety symptoms in COVID-19 outpatients with different levels of respiratory and ventilatory support in the acute phase undergoing three months follow-up.

Abstract

The well-known COVID-19 pandemic totally transformed people's lives, paving the way to various psychopathological symptoms. In particular, patients may experience a short- and long-term decreasing in their wellbeing. In this vein, the aim of this paper was to assess the COVID-19 patients' psychopathological profile (post-traumatic stress disorder, distress, anxiety and depression symptoms), detecting possible differences linked to the ventilatory treatments. Outpatients who recovered from COVID-19 were asked to provide socio-demographic and clinical information, and to complete a brief psychological screening evaluation (Impact of Event Scale-Revised [IES-R], Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [DASS-21]). Overall, after informed consent, 163 Italian patients took part in this research. Of them, 31.9% did not undergo any ventilatory therapy, 27.6% undertook oxygen therapy, 28.2% underwent noninvasive mechanical ventilation, and 12.3% received invasive mechanical ventilation. Although no statistically significant differences were revealed among patients stratified by spontaneous breathing or ventilatory therapies, they reported statistically significant more depression (4.5+5.2 vs. 3.5+3.2; P=0.017) and anxiety (4.3+4.5 vs. 2.4+2.6; P<0.00001) symptoms than normative groups. Moreover, patients experiencing COVID-19 disease as a trauma, complained statistically significant higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms than who did not describe a clinically relevant traumatic experience (P<0.001). Thus, this study suggests to healthcare professionals to consider COVID-19 experience as a potential real trauma for patients, and underlines the necessity to define patients' psychopathological profile in order to propose tailored and effective preventive and supportive psychological interventions.