Post-traumatic growth in parents of long-term childhood cancer survivors compared to the general population: Areport from the Swiss childhood cancer survivor study-Parents.

Abstract

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) describes perceived positive changes following a traumatic event. We describe (i) PTG in parents of long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCS-parents) compared to parents of similar-aged children of the general population (comparison-parents), (ii) normative data for the Swiss population, and (iii) psychological, socio-economic, and event-related characteristics associated with PTG. CCS-parents (aged ≤16years at diagnosis, ≥20years old at study, registered in the Childhood Cancer Registry Switzerland (ChCR), and the Swiss population responded to a paper-based survey, including the PTG-Inventory (total score 0-105). We carried out (i) t-tests, (ii) descriptive statistics, and (iii) multilevel regression models with survivor/household as the cluster variable. In total, 746 CCS-parents (41.7% fathers, response-rate=42.3%) of 494 survivors (median time since diagnosis 24 (7-40) years), 411 comparison-parents (42.8% fathers, 312 households), and 1069 individuals of the Swiss population (40.7% male, response-rate=20.1%) participated. Mean [M] total PTG was in CCS-parents M=52.3 versus comparison-parents M=50.4, p=0.078; and in the Swiss population M=44.5). CCS-parents showed higher 'relating-to-others' (18.4 vs. 17.3, p=0.010), 'spiritual-change' (3.3 vs. 3.0, p=0.038) and 'appreciation-of-life' (9.3 vs. 8.4, p=0.027) than comparison-parents, but not in 'new-possibilities' and 'personal-strength'. Female gender, older age, higher post-traumatic stress, and higher resilience were positively associated with PTG. Individuals reporting events not typically classified as traumatic also reported growth. Our findings highlight that mothers and fathers can experience heightened growth many years after their child's illness. Being able to sensitively foreshadow the potential for new-possibilities and personal development may help support parents in developing a sense of hope.