Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dramatically enhance the capabilities of proteins. They introduce new functionalities and dynamically control protein activity by modulating intra- and intermolecular interactions. Traditionally, PTMs have been considered as reversible attachments to nucleophilic functional groups on amino acid side chains, whereas the polypeptide backbone is often thought to be inert. This paradigm is shifting as chemically and functionally diverse alterations of the protein backbone are discovered. Importantly, backbone PTMs can control protein structure and function just as side chain modifications do and operate through unique mechanisms to achieve these features. In this Perspective, I outline the various types of protein backbone modifications discovered so far and highlight their contributions to biology as well as the challenges in studying this versatile yet poorly characterized class of PTMs.
Highlights
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dramatically enhance the capabilities of proteins
Of equal importance are modifications that dynamically or irreversibly control the localization and activities of most natural proteins and serve as regulators or even on/off switches. These socalled post-translational modifications (PTMs)[1] are typically considered to occur primarily on amino acid side chains that present a variety of nucleophilic groups that are targeted by electrophilic cofactors
I will begin by providing a glimpse into backbone modifications found in peptide natural products to illustrate the rich palette of biochemical possibilities for backbone PTMs (bbPTMs), followed by a more indepth treatment of bbPTMs that occur in large proteins
Summary
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dramatically enhance the capabilities of proteins.
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