Abstract
Rac1 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rho family. The Rho family of small GTPases is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The Rho family of GTPases mediate a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking. The cycling of Rac1 between the GTP (guanosine triphosphate)- and GDP (guanosine diphosphate)-bound states is essential for effective signal flow to elicit downstream biological functions. The cycle between inactive and active forms is controlled by three classes of regulatory proteins: Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Other modifications include RNA splicing and microRNAs; various post-translational modifications have also been shown to regulate the activity and function of Rac1. The reported post-translational modifications include lipidation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and adenylylation, which have all been shown to play important roles in the regulation of Rac1 and other Rho GTPases. Moreover, the Rac1 activity and function are regulated by its subcellular distribution and translocation. This review focused on the most recent progress in Rac1 research, especially in the area of post-translational modification and subcellular distribution and translocation.
Highlights
The Rho family of GTPases mediates a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking [1]
Recent findings have suggested that additional regulatory mechanisms such as phosphorylation might further contribute to the tight regulation of Rho GTPases [99]
We showed that the interaction between PLC-γ1 and Rac1 is mediated by PLC-γ1 SH3 domain and Rac1 proline-rich motif 106PNTP109 [43]
Summary
The Rho family of GTPases mediates a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking [1]. Like all members of the small GTPases superfamily, Rho proteins act as molecular switches to control cellular processes by cycling between active, GTP-bound and inactive, GDP-bound states. Is linked to many other to regulate t d microRNAs [27]; various post-translational modifications have been shown diseases [17]. MicroRNAs [27]; various post-translational modifications have been shown to regulate the activity and function of Rac1 [28]. Rho Family ubiquitination, of GTPases, Rac Subfamily and Rac are regulated by its subcellular distribution and translocation. This review focused on the most recent progressGTPase in Rac research, especially in thethat area of post-translational andof subcellular.
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