Abstract
Cited2 is a transcription factor without typical DNA binding domains. Cited2 interacts with cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP)/p300, TFAP2, Lhx2, and nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and estrogen receptor to function as a transcriptional modulator. Overexpression of Cited2 in Rat1 cells leads to tumor formation in nude mice, suggesting that Cited2 is a transforming gene. Through microarray analysis, Cited2 was found to be down-regulated by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta) in various cell lines. In this study, we confirmed that both mRNA and protein levels of Cited2 are down-regulated in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Overexpression of Smad7 or knockdown of Smad4 in MDA-MB-231 cells showed that the Smad pathway is involved in the down-regulation of Cited2. Based on nuclear run-on analysis and Cited2 promoter/reporter assay, Cited2 transcription was not affected by TGF-beta, supporting that down-regulation of Cited2 by TGF-beta is most likely through post-transcriptional regulation. By using transcriptional inhibitors, we demonstrated that the turnover of Cited2 transcripts appears to be accelerated during TGF-beta stimulation. Pharmacologic inhibition of translation with cycloheximide attenuated Cited2 down-regulation by TGF-beta. We examined the expression of recombinant Cited2 gene introduced into MDA-MB-231 cells by stable transfection, and we found that mRNA containing the Cited2 protein-coding region controlled by a heterologous promoter indeed responds to TGF-beta-mediated down-regulation. Study from Cited2 deletion mutants showed that the C-terminal conserved region of Cited2 coding sequence is essential for the down-regulation. This is the first demonstration that TGF-beta-mediated down-regulation of Cited2 is post-transcriptional, through the Smad pathway, and requires the presence of its coding sequence.
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