Abstract
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is a plant secondary metabolite, which shows antioxidant activity and is commonly found in many plant-based foods and beverages. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the development of many human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cancer. GA and its derivative, methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M3OMG), possess physiological and pharmacological activities closely related to their antioxidant properties. This paper describes the antidepressive-like effects of intraperitoneal administration of GA and two synthetic analogues, M3OMG and P3OMG (propyl-3-O-methylgallate), in balb/c mice with post-stroke depression, a secondary form of depression that could be due to oxidative stress occurring during cerebral ischemia and the following reperfusion. Moreover, this study determined the in vivo antioxidant activity of these compounds through the evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activity, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse brain. GA and its synthetic analogues were found to be active (at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg) in the modulation of depressive symptoms and the reduction of oxidative stress, restoring normal behavior and, at least in part, antioxidant endogenous defenses, with M3OMG being the most active of these compounds. SOD, TBARS, and GSH all showed strong correlation with behavioral parameters, suggesting that oxidative stress is tightly linked to the pathological processes involved in stroke and PSD. As a whole, the obtained results show that the administration of GA, M3OMG and P3OMG induce a reduction in depressive symptoms and oxidative stress.
Highlights
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA, Figure 1A) is a secondary metabolite of plants, mainly formed from 3-dehydroshikimic acid through the shikimic acid pathway occurring in all plants
Experimental animals were divided into three major groups: (a) a control group of healthy mice; (b) a Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) group of animals, which underwent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO); (c) 6 groups treated with GA, methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M3OMG) and P3OMG at two different doses (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg)
P3OMG restores behavioral parameters indicative of depression to healthy levels in experimental animals in which post-stroke depression (PSD) has been induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion
Summary
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA, Figure 1A) is a secondary metabolite of plants, mainly formed from 3-dehydroshikimic acid through the shikimic acid pathway occurring in all plants. It is found in a wide array of foods in varying amounts according to plant species and Nutrients 2016, 8, 248; doi:10.3390/nu8050248 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. It is found in a wide array of foods in varying amounts according to plant species and environmental factors [1]. Green and semi-fermented semi‐fermented or fermented such as hydrolysable tannins, in addition to its free teas are the most important sources of GA in the esterified forms of catechin and epicatechin, while widespread in nature but have been identified in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and gallotannins are not widespread families [2]. [2].
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