Post-main-sequence debris from rotation-induced YORP break-up of small bodies – II. Multiple fissions, internal strengths, and binary production

Abstract

ABSTRACT Over one-quarter of white dwarfs contain observable metallic debris from the break-up of exo-asteroids. Understanding the physical and orbital history of this debris would enable us to self-consistently link planetary system formation and fate. One major debris reservoir is generated by YORP-induced rotational fission during the giant branch phases of stellar evolution, where the stellar luminosity can exceed the Sun’s by four orders of magnitude. Here, we determine the efficacy of the giant branch YORP effect for asteroids with non-zero internal strength, and model post-fission evolution by imposing simple analytic fragmentation prescriptions. We find that even the highest realistic internal strengths cannot prevent the widespread fragmentation of asteroids and the production of a debris field over 100 au in size. We compute the number of successive fission events as they occur in progressively smaller time intervals as the star ascends the giant branches, providing a way to generate size distributions of asteroid fragments. The results are highly insensitive to progenitor stellar mass. We also conclude that the ease with which giant branch YORP break-up can generate binary asteroid subsystems is strongly dependent on internal strength. Formed binary subsystems in turn could be short-lived due to the resulting luminosity-enhanced binary YORP (BYORP) effect.