Abstract
Nowadays most hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA) in the world can only apply two dynamic loads, namely the axial load (W) and torque ( MT ) , during cyclic principal stress rotation. The limitation of this loading mode is presented, and based on such limitation other possible and applicable loading modes are put forward: (1) On the premise of setting W a special constant related to the inner ( pi ) and outer ( po ) cell pressure, the stress path at which shear stress (q) regularly changes with rotation angle (α) under the constant b (Bishop parameter) and the constant mean principal stress p can be achieved by adjusting MT ; (2) setting b at a constant (not equal to 0.5), the linear relation between p and q can be realized under a regular changing α . In this case W and MT should satisfy a certain equation and meanwhile the peak value of q should be restricted within the p−q critical state line; (3) without regarding the effect of intermediate principal stress, a stress path of ( σ1 + σ3 )∕2 monotonously cha...
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