Abstract
Beside skeletal system maintenance and protection, possible extra-calcium roles of vitamin D have been recently described. In particular, studies have investigated possible roles of vitamin D as a key modulator of inflammation and immune mechanisms and of the intestinal mucosa barrier. In this regard, vitamin D has been considered as a factor that affects different conditions such as immune-mediated diseases. The new emerging role of vitamin D and its involvement in immune modulation has led it to be considered as a possible key factor involved in celiac disease (CD) onset. CD is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine that is triggered by dietary gluten protein exposure in individuals who are genetically predisposed. However, along with gluten, other environmental factors are also involved in CD onset. The renewed interest in a molecule that offers great possibilities for new roles has led to an increase in studies, although there remains a lack of studies aimed at contextualizing the role of vitamin D on CD. This review aims to define the possible role of vitamin D in CD onset as it is presently understood, taking into account potential links among vitamin D, the immune system and CD.
Highlights
Vitamin D belongs to the steroid hormone family
This review aims to define the possible role of vitamin D in celiac disease (CD) onset as it is presently understood, taking into account potential links among vitamin D, the immune system and CD
This study reported that low vitamin D was not predictive of autoimmine disease among CD individuals, it was underlined that vitamin D deficiency is common in CD, and that assessment of its values should be taken into account in clinical practice [64]
Summary
Vitamin D belongs to the steroid hormone family. It has two major forms, vitamin D3(cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), both of which can be found in foods or supplements, only vitamin D3 is synthetized in skin [1]. Vitamin D belongs to the steroid hormone family. It has two major forms, vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 is mainly produced endogenously in the skin by converting 7-dehydrocholesterol through the action of ultraviolet light B (UVB) of the sun or other UVB sources [2,3]. Oral intake of vitamin D is generally limited (oily fish and eggs, vitamin D fortified food), while the majority of it is derived from UVB light action. This links its content to dietary intake, but above all to seasonal changes, sun exposure, geographic locations and skin pigmentation [4,5]. The first one forms the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 or calcidiol] in the liver, 25(OH)D3 is converted to
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