Abstract
Sarcopenic dysphagia requires the presence of both dysphagia and generalized sarcopenia. The causes of dysphagia, except for sarcopenia, are excluded. The treatment for sarcopenic dysphagia includes resistance training along with nutritional support; however, whether rehabilitation procedures are useful remains unclear. In this narrative review, we present possible rehabilitation procedures as a resistance training for managing sarcopenic dysphagia, including Shaker exercise, Mendelsohn maneuver, tongue-hold swallow exercise, jaw-opening exercise, swallow resistance exercise, lingual exercise, expiratory muscle strength training, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation. We hope that some procedures mentioned in this article or new methods will be effective to treat sarcopenic dysphagia.
Highlights
The term sarcopenia was advocated in 1989 [1]
Nutritional support, dysphagia physical exercise, dysphagia rehabilitaincluded of the swallowing muscles, lingual resistance exercises, and/or tion wereresistance providedtraining to patients with sarcopenic dysphagia
EMG and activities during tongue-hold swallowing were reported, indicating a lowing [59,60].ofThe exercise is recommended adjust by possible tongue protrusion strengthening theintensity tongue of and suprahyoid muscles astoadditional effects of length, whichswallowing is determined by the maximum protrusion length [59,60]
Summary
The term sarcopenia was advocated in 1989 [1]. Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes, including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). Nutritional support, physical exercise, and dysphagia rehabilitation were provided to patients with sarcopenic [19,20,21,22].and. Nutritional support, dysphagia physical exercise, dysphagia rehabilitaincluded of the swallowing muscles, lingual resistance exercises, and/or tion wereresistance providedtraining to patients with sarcopenic dysphagia [19,20,21,22]. Nutritional and kg/mfollow the they activities daily living all support cases had nohome-based oral intake; rehabilitation, neck training, improved the swallowing function and at theincluding final follow up,muscle they could eat using their mouths. This narrative review describes the possible rehabilitation procedures as resistance exercises to improve sarcopenic dysphagia
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