Abstract
Littering waste is among the top environmental issues in the world, and the management of the waste has turned into a challenge in almost every city. It has been reported that 75% of smokers dispose of their cigarette butts (CBs) on the ground, even in public places. Researchers have discovered that CBs make up more than one-third of the total littered waste on the planet. Cigarette butts predominantly consist of a cellulose acetate fiber (plastic)-based filter wrapped in paper. Waste CBs contain burnt tobacco and tar, along with many other toxic chemicals. They take years to biodegrade depending on the environmental conditions, and toxic chemicals leach out and contaminate the environment. As part of an ongoing project, this paper presents a novel and sustainable technique to recycle cigarette butts in bitumen for the construction of flexible pavements. In this research, CBs have been pre-processed and mixed with bitumen classes C320, C170, and PMB A10E as a fiber modifier. Comprehensive laboratory investigations, including a penetration test, softening point test, and viscosity test, have been performed along with a binder drain off test to evaluate the performance of the modified samples. During this investigation, samples were prepared with 0.3% cellulose fiber, 0.2%, 0.3% 0.4%, and 0.5% CBs. The results of the CB-modified samples were compared with the sample with cellulose fiber and fresh bitumen (0% fiber). The results show that the physical and rheological properties of bitumen incorporating CBs improve significantly, and CBs could be used instead of virgin cellulose fiber as a fiber modifier.
Highlights
The types of bitumen were selected based on the most popular types of bitumen used in asphalt were compared with the control sample and the samples prepared with conventional cellulose fiber
Incorporation of cellulose fiber in stone mastic asphalt is a common practice in the industry to prevent compared with the control sample and the samples prepared with conventional cellulose fiber
The results suggested that the use of cigarette butts (CBs) fibers in bitumen is not significantly detrimental to the penetration performance and a 0.3% addition of CBs does not compromise the typical penetration range of bitumen
Summary
The number had already crossed 1 billion by 2012 [1,2]. In 2018, the World Health Organization summarized the number of smokers in the world as totaling 1.1 billion, even after numerous health awareness campaigns [3]. Notwithstanding the statistics, the actual number of smokers is probably much higher and continuing to increase, as shown, which was adapted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) 2014 and the World Health Organization [3,4]. The production of cigarettes has increased to support the increasing need. A recent study shows that the current production of cigarettes is 6 trillion, of which 5.8 trillion are consumed every year [5].
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