Possible policies and actions to protect the soil cultural and natural heritage of Europe

I. INTRODUCTION II. CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE: AN OVERVIEW A. Cultural Heritage B. Natural Heritages C. Nature Conservation Strategies Worldwide D. The Links Between Cultural and Natural Heritage E. Characteristics of Sites of Overlapping Cultural & Natural Heritage III. The Present and Future of Integrated Cultural & Natural Heritage Management A. Challenges Posed to Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage B. Existing Legal/Regulatory Efforts to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage 1. Developed Countries a. The United States b. The European Union (1) England (a) National Parks (b) Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (c) Conservation Areas (2) Dartmoor National Park (a) The Dartmoor Local Plan (b) Local Plan Aims (c) Local Plan Landscapes c. Canada 2. Developing Countries a. China b. Brazil IV. CONCLUSION A. Why Integrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection? B. Bridging Boundaries for Mutual Gain I. INTRODUCTION Formal legal efforts to protect cultural and natural heritage are not a modern phenomenon. In the developed and developing worlds, regional, state, and local governments undertake efforts to protect their cultural heritage and their natural resources. Most cultural and natural resource protection regimes, however, have evolved independently of one another. This is only recently beginning to change. As scholars, regulators, and activists increasingly recognize the links and overlap between areas of cultural and natural heritage, they are beginning to come together to develop new regimes for joint cultural and environmental protection. These early efforts jointly to protect cultural and natural heritage vary significantly in character and success. These variations reflect a still vague and evolving understanding of the interplay between culture and nature, the relationship between public and private land ownership, and significant regional differences in existing legal regimes, economic development, and environmental agendas. Further, there is currently very little comprehensive research examining global efforts to develop heritage protection areas that integrate both cultural and natural resource conservation. There is even less research analyzing how relationships between land ownership and social conceptions of culture and nature impact the development of future cultural and natural heritage programs. The goal of this paper is to contribute to and encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary approaches for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage areas. The second section of this paper examines traditional notions and regulatory regimes for cultural and natural heritage protection, and delves into the links between cultural and natural heritage. Section three analyzes existing cultural heritage and environmental/natural protection laws, and provides examples of joint cultural and natural heritage preservation efforts. In particular, section three considers how current and prospective joint cultural and natural heritage protection efforts in developed and developing countries contribute to the social and economic development of communities and regions, and advance the principles of sustainable development by strengthening the historical continuity of a place and its people, and by guiding development in ways consistent with the characteristics of these cultural and natural resources. Additionally, section three examines case studies in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, and China to demonstrate the challenges and critical elements integral to developing innovative and sustainable cultural and natural heritage preservation schemes. …

Formulation of the problem. Nowadays in Ukraine there is a significant gap in the application of cultural-landscape approach and the lack of cultural and landscape zoning (CLZ) at different taxonomic levels, as one of the fundamental stages in the protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage, which is recognized in a number of international documents by the world community. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this study is to develop methodological approaches to CLZ in Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The study and analysis of the experience of differentiation and zoning of different level territories on the basis of cultural and landscape approach in some European countries showed the crucial role of CLZ in studying cultural landscapes and planning management actions for their protection, conservation and use. Methodology and results. The overall purpose of CLZ was to identify, define and differentiate integral natural and cultural systemic territorial formations of different levels, which form a set of interconnected cultural landscapes in a given area. The main factors of cultural-landscape differentiation of Ukraine at the macro level were natural-geographical, ethnographic, linguistic, historical-geographical, historical-political and administrative-territorial features and features of spatial localization and concentration of natural and cultural heritage - immovable and intangible. The information base for conducting the CLZ were researches that reflects the territorial differentiation of Ukraine by these groups of features and has developed appropriate zoning schemes with their cartographic implementation. The taxonomic system of the country's CLZ has been developed. It consists of two levels: 14 cultural-landscape regions and 52 cultural-landscape macro-districts; 26 cultural and landscape regions have been identified as a separate taxon, outside of the hierarchy, according to the administrative-territorial division of the country. The most important result of the study – the map "Cultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine", became one of the key topics of the electronic atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage". The development of the atlas was completed in 2020 by the Institute of Geography of NASU. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time in Ukraine, CLZ has been developed at the macro level, thus starting to fill a gap of the absence of domestic developments of this kind. The study identified proposals on the main directions of development and practical application of CLZ in the field of protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage through inclusion in the systems of national and regional strategy, spatial development planning, research on integrated study of territory, mapping and development of CLZ regions and administrative districts, etc.

The book entitled New Trends in the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage is a collection of twelve scientific articles (chapters) authored by Polish and foreign researchers in the field of cultural heritage protection. Specializing in various scientific disciplines (including legal, architectural, managerial, cultural studies considerations) and at different stages of scientific development, the authors of the individual texts from either a casuistic (case studies) or systemic (studies of normative solutions or development trends) perspective analyze “new trends” in the protection of cultural and natural heritage. “The Scientific Editors of the monograph have managed to gather a group of competent Authors, both domestic and foreign [...] Here we have specialists in philosophy, biology, management sciences and, for the most part, lawyers, paring various specific legal sciences, and interested in the issues of cultural and natural heritage and its protection. So, it can be concluded that the monograph submitted for review has an interdisciplinary character, both in the so-called ‘external aspect’ and ‘internal’, within the framework of legal sciences themselves [...] The reviewed scientific monograph is a fairly comprehensive collection of studies related to the issues of protection of natural and cultural heritage.” From the review of Dr. hab. Bolesław Maciej Ćwiertniak, Professor of the “Humanitas” Higher School in Sosnowiec

Globalization has created new challenges and threats. The article identifies threats and challenges of globalization that have the most devastating effect on cultural and natural heritage. It analyzes efforts of the international community to minimize them. The article studies economic, foreign policy, environmental and cultural threats to the world cultural heritage. Heritage sites can be destroyed as a result of environmental and technological challenges, extremist movements and wars, uncontrolled urbanization, predatory exploitation of nature and cultural objects for commercial purposes, and rapid development of international tourism. All these factors have a negative impact on cultural and natural heritage sites. The problem of protection of natural and cultural heritage is of institutional and documentary nature. The UNESCO international organization deals with World Heritage issues, compiling a list of endangered objects of cultural and natural significance. It combines international efforts to preserve and popularize them because of their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. Damage or extinction of cultural objects is tragic for the world heritage. Due to new dangers, the entire international community must participate in the protection of the natural and cultural heritage sites. Problems that cause irreparable harm to the world heritage are due to human activities. It is necessary to develop measures that could be a response to the problems of cultural heritage protection in the context of globalization. It is necessary to make people respect cultural and natural heritage and inform them about dangers threatening cultural objects.

The rapid growth of the threat to the destruction of natural and cultural values prompted the world community to realize the need to join efforts to preserve the achievements of nature and culture. Henceforth, the importance of the factor of cooperation in international relations becomes greater. The article considers multilateral cooperation in the field of preservation of cultural and natural heritage in the Arctic. The Arctic is a territory where the interests of many states overlap, so cooperation issues are particularly important here. The Arctic region has a unique natural and cultural heritage that needs constant protection. The authors aim at analyzing the modern system of defense of the world cultural and natural heritage, developed by UNESCO. The authors mean the world heritage as the most valuable foundation, a set of artifacts of spiritual and material culture created by man, and the wealth created by nature, inherited from past generations are preserved at present and transferred to future generations. The article pays attention not only to sites already on the UNESCO World Heritage List, but also to those that are to be included on the UNESCO List. Special attention is paid to the interaction of Russia and UNESCO on the issues of identifying new sites of natural and cultural heritage in the Arctic.

The research is placed in the scenario, confirmed by the NUA, in which the environment (as a set of ecosystem resources) plays a fundamental role for the sustainable development of territories as an element capable of generating resources, producing economic flows and increasing awareness and knowledge. Italy has a rich and diversified natural and cultural heritage whose management, however, presents numerous problems. This conservative and sectorial management model does not enhance the social and economic potential of the territorial heritage and does not favour the integration of resources. Indeed, cultural and natural heritage is never shaped as convertible entity, under certain conditions, into economic capital on a sustainable basis. Yet such an approach could bring about a change in perspective and a new vision of countrywide heritage: the status of an “active component of society” would replace its passive consideration in terms of potential availability and inheritance. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach that looks at the actions implemented in the sectors of low, socio-economic and cultural resource management, related to natural and cultural heritage. The study also moves in a multi-level logic with references to the local scale, focusing on a case study (Taranto in Apulia, Italy) as an example of the effects that policymakers’ actions have had on natural and cultural heritage, an expression of socio-economic territorial structure. Starting from the UE legislative framework, where NUA fully recognises the close link between human well-being and the health of natural and cultural systems, it comes to the identification of possible jurisdictional remedies useful to highlight the unavoidable link between cultural heritage and natural heritage. It is in this framework that the use of Payment for Ecosystem Services is proposed for cultural heritage in addition to natural heritage, a potentially useful tool in this “resistance” phase for combining the practices of economic exploitation with the need to safeguard heritage. In this way - this is the highly innovative feature of NUA - the idea that sustainability is purely an environmental issue is definitively abandoned. Therefore, it is affirmed the existence of a multidimensional development system and the evidence of a series of related critical issues. Payment of Ecosystem Services on cultural and natural heritage could support a sustainable decision-making in a long-term perspective, incorporating factors and actions designed to conserve and in some cases enhance local capital.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the conceptual and methodological approaches as well as practical experience in creating of an Atlas Information System of natural and cultural heritage of Ukraine (AIS PiKS) and to outline the directions of its long-term development. AIS PiKS means a problemoriented information system that provides an opportunity to store, systematize and analyze a large amount of accounting and statistical information that will present a modern and clear information picture of the state and trends of the development trends of objects and territories of the country's natural and cultural heritage and its regions, and present it with traditional and modern means of visualization; to assist the bodies of state administration in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of natural and cultural heritage, such as accounting, protection, conservation and use of its objects and territories etc. At the first stage of its development, AIS PiKS was reflected in the form of appropriate blocks of the electronic Atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage" (hereinafter – the Atlas). The development of the atlas was completed in 2020 by the Institute of Geography of NASU. Among the many scientific and applied tasks that were solved, the focus is on research of their thematic component, among them – the theoretical development of the component structure and content of AIS PiKS, development of conceptual and terminological apparatus, analysis, and visualization of various spatial and descriptive information. The formation of information database AIS PiKS was carried out in the presence of a huge number of potential mapping objects, inefficiently functioning state accounting system of PiKS objects and territories and the need to supplement existing lists with data on spatial localization of mapping objects, visualization of topographic location and necessary attributive (descriptive) information. The need to present a wide range of data from areas related to geography (primarily culture) required the search for new conceptual approaches, methodological solutions, and relevant information sources. As a result, the first in Ukraine specialized thematic maps of ethnocultural, religious and scientific and technical heritage were created, which is a scientific novelty of the Atlas. For the first time in Ukraine, сultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine has been developed at the macro level, thus starting to fill a gap of the absence of domestic developments of this kind. The map "Cultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine" became one of the key topics of the electronic atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage". The study identified proposals on the main directions of development and practical application of AIS PiKS. Besides actualization of data, they involves the development of the main ideas and areas of research planned in the Atlas, especially on complex electronic atlases, the deepening of the regional aspect of case studies of cultural and natural heritage through inclusion in the systems of national and regional strategy, spatial development planning, research on integrated study of territory, mapping and development of CLZ of cultural and natural heritage of regions and administrative districts, etc.

Despite the promulgation of the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972, widely lauded for being the first international convention to include natural and cultural heritage, the separation of cultural and natural heritage persists. Equally, within the top-down ‘authorised’ global and national heritage systems, the values of the elite and powerful continue to be emphasised while the understanding of heritage by the general public is often downplayed or ignored. This paper analyses the travel journals of tourists who have recently visited the 拙政园 (Humble Administrator’s Garden), China, in order to explore visitor understanding of the cultural and natural values of this World Heritage listed place. The findings indicate that tourists’ experiences are connected to their personal memories, feelings and emotions in ways that integrate cultural and natural heritage meanings and values. Such interconnected ‘naturecultures’ experienced by individual tourists, we argue, is more emotional and powerful than the official UNESCO and state-sanctioned narrative.

The aim of the paper is to provide an insight into the current legal and other regulatory frameworks that introduces problems of climate change into planning practice of natural and cultural heritage, with special emphasis on the situation in the Republic of Serbia. Further, an overview of the selected case studies of natural and cultural heritage from the UNESCO World Heritage List for which were done studies of the impacts of climate change is included. The results indicate that the legal frameworks as well as actual practice are promoting the development of the ecological networks (the network of areas NATURA 2000) and landscape protection. This applies also to the planning practice in Serbia, where the planning of ecological corridors, habitat networking and other measures, provide responses to climate change. One of the conclusions of this paper is pointing out the necessity of increasing the level of protection of natural and cultural heritage within preserving the authenticity and improving flexibility or adaptability to climate change.

The purpose of the publication is to highlight the main results of the development of the first Ukrainian interactive atlas “Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage”. It was created in accordance with the Memorandum of Cooperation between the NAS of Ukraine and the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine. According to analysis of previous researches, there have been no attempts to map the complex and long-term processes of interaction between the population and its natural and cultural heritage so far in Ukraine and abroad. The Atlas provides knowledge and information about the historical stages of development of the population of Ukraine and the formation of its cultural and natural heritage in the following sections: 1. Ukraine in the European space - 3 maps; 2. Population - the subject of heritage formation - 57 maps; 3. Natural and cultural heritage - 28 maps; 4. Protection, preservation, restoration and using of natural and cultural heritage - 9 maps. The Atlas was developed using the updated AtlasSF Atlas Solutions Framework, one of the previous versions of which was used to create the Electronic version of the National Atlas of Ukraine. The modern architecture of AtlasSF allows integrating the developed atlas both in the atlas information system, and in the atlas geoinformation system of cultural heritage. All types of information resources were used to create the Atlas: maps, texts, photos, statistics. The interactive atlas contains 97 vector maps, texts, photos and tables.

The UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage balances the dialectical tension between state sovereignty and interests of the international community by entrusting state parties with the protection and conservation of cultural and natural heritage situated on their territory while simultaneously establishing international mechanisms for monitoring and supporting these efforts. The Convention affords protection to all properties meeting the criteria of cultural or natural heritage regardless of their inclusion in the World Heritage List, that itself is mainly of declarative character. By committing state parties to use best efforts to protect heritage sites (Bemühensverpflichtungen) the convention gives rise to genuine legal obligations. For federal states such as Germany, a federal clause in art. 34 modifies the obligation to implement the Convention. Since, however, the German Länder, as far as necessary, adopted the statutory regulations which fall within their legislative powers, Germany now vouches for compliance with the whole convention. Pursuant the principle of sincere cooperation (Bundestreue), the Länder may not revert to a status that implies breaching Germanys international obligations. Whereas explicit provisions quite satisfactorily protect natural heritage, the legal protection of cultural heritage remains flawed, as authorities sometimes fail to install comprehensive preservation orders. In their heritage protection laws, only five Länder refer to the UNESCO Convention. Additionally, they often do not conceptualize heritage in congruence with the Conventions terms. Due to the absence of a legislative act of approval (Vertragsgesetz), the Convention does not form part of the German legal order. As far as internal law does not reproduce what is called for by the Convention, however, the Basic Laws commitment and openness to public international law (Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes) still warrants the implementation of an international treaty as far as legally possible. Therefore, all administrative and judicial bodies must interpret and apply existing law in conformity with the UNESCO Convention (although the legislatives obligation to comply has been curtailed in a questionable manner by the recent Treaty Override-decision of the Federal Constitutional Court). Most importantly, they have to deploy instruments of nature and heritage conservation law in a manner that protects and conserves world cultural and natural heritage best. Land use and sectoral planning must not only pay due regard to World heritage protection but ensure the best possible preservation result. This is also subject to judicial oversight although claimants often may not invoke the protection of World heritage in court. By way of conclusion, the present implementation of the UNESCO Convention in German law mostly achieves the preservation and protection of cultural and natural World heritage as is called for by international law – with the Dresdner Elbtal being the unfortunate exception.

Cultural Heritage Conservation in Traditional Environments: Case of Mustafapaşa (Sinasos), Turkey

The role of the archeological and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration in UNESCO’s protected areas becomes more and more important for the natural and cultural heritage protection in the touristic cities with urban expansion. However, there is no clear methodological approach for the inclusion of these important natural and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration of the cities. The purpose of this study is to analyze how two contemporary urban planning tools, sustainable urban mobility plans and heritage impact assessments, contribute to the protection and sustainable use of archeological sites. The methodology that is used in this study is dual, theoretical, through literature review, and empirical, through the appliance of the case study method and expert observation and mapping of the most valuable archeological sites in Boka Bay. The results of this study show that practical usage of the two proposed tools in the process of urban regeneration could help in cultural and natural heritage protection and their inclusion as drivers of sustainable urban planning and cultural heritage management. The results of the study confirm the authors’ hypothesis that the role of the archeological sites in the process of urban regeneration is evident in the touristic cities in the coastal area of Montenegro, concluding that urban mobility principles and heritage impact assessment studies must be considered in the process of urban regeneration while at the same time cultural (archeological) heritage management is an integral part of this process.

Mountain areas of Europe have been managed by humans for a long time, leading to a prevalence of semi-natural habitats in mountain landscapes today. These landscapes contain both natural and cultural heritage; however, natural and cultural heritage are rarely considered together when valuing landscapes and developing management plans in protected areas. Here we present a case study of seven protected areas in the mountains of Great Britain and Norway. We take a long-term perspective on landscape and land-use change and propose an integrated model of landscape valuation on the basis of combined natural and cultural heritage. Our model plots indicators of natural and cultural heritage along a gradient of land-use intensity, allowing simultaneous assessment and highlighting how valuation depends on what type of heritage is considered. We show that while contemporary land-use changes follow similar trajectories in Norway and Britain, different land-use histories mean that the loss of heritage differs between the regions. The model presented here thus allows for the consolidation of valuation based on both cultural and natural heritage in landscapes.

The Roman Limes, the former natural border of the Roman Empire, has been recognized as a cultural landscape with exceptional universal values of international importance by the relevant organization for the protection of cultural and natural heritage - UNESCO. The Danube River is an integral part of the Roman Limes, a testimony to the culture and traditions of the peoples who lived on the banks of the Danube, as well as cultural heritage in general. Within the part of the Danube River that passes through the Republic of Serbia, the Djerdap segment stands out. It includes sites of different historical periods (prehistoric, ancient and medieval) and is significant cultural heritage on an international level. However, most of the sites are underwater as a result of the construction of the Djerdap Hydroelectric Power Plant. Consequently, insufficient access to its cultural heritage has led to its insufficient presentation and promotion, but also a lack of information about the existence of the cultural heritage. Therefore, the main goals of this paper are to spread knowledge about Djerdap's cultural and natural heritage, to promote its importance, to identify potential for integrating the cultural heritage into contemporary trends through the affirmation of cultural routes, and to establish sustainable development of the cultural landscape. The results of the research are presented through an urban architectural project that represents the sublimation of critical attitudes formed with regard to the protection, presentation and promotion of cultural heritage. The project draws from a literature analysis, case studies and examples of good practice relevant to the research. The expected results of the research include raising awareness of the importance of Djerdap's cultural heritage through promoting a cultural route and forming a potential model for the use of its cultural heritage in the process of establishing sustainable development of the cultural landscape.