Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease caused by Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), endemic in some parts of Africa and America. In Brazil, YFV is maintained by a sylvatic transmission cycle involving non-human primates (NHP) and forest canopy-dwelling mosquitoes, mainly Haemagogus-spp and Sabethes-spp. Beginning in 2016, Brazil faced one of the largest Yellow Fever (YF) outbreaks in recent decades, mainly in the southeastern region. In São Paulo city, YFV was detected in October 2017 in Aloutta monkeys in an Atlantic Forest area. From 542 NHP, a total of 162 NHP were YFV positive by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry, being 22 Callithrix-spp. most from urban areas. Entomological collections executed did not detect the presence of strictly sylvatic mosquitoes. Three mosquito pools were positive for YFV, 2 Haemagogus leucocelaenus, and 1 Aedes scapularis. In summary, YFV in the São Paulo urban area was detected mainly in resident marmosets, and synanthropic mosquitoes were likely involved in viral transmission.
Highlights
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease caused by Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), endemic in some parts of Africa and America
In 2016, a sylvatic YF outbreak occurred in Minas Gerais State, which spread to other Brazilian states, including São Paulo[18]
We describe 18 positive RT-qPCR YFV non-human primates (NHP) belonging to the Callithrix genus found in urbanized areas within the metropolitan areas of São Paulo city, as well as pools of Hg. leucocelaenus from Horto Florestal and one Ae. scapularis pool from Santo Amaro
Summary
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease caused by Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), endemic in some parts of Africa and America. In Brazil, YFV is maintained by a sylvatic transmission cycle involving non-human primates (NHP) and forest canopy-dwelling mosquitoes, mainly Haemagogus-spp and Sabethes-spp. Starting in 2016, several YFV outbreaks were reported in states in the most populous southeastern region, caused by a new YFV belonging to South American lineage I that was introduced from the Midwest region and disseminated to areas that were considered free of yellow fever[8]. This resulted in the most severe outbreak in past decades in the southeastern region, comprising the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Our objective was to describe YFV-positive epizootic events that were probably associated with Aedes spp. mosquitoes instead of the Haemagogus spp or Sabethes spp primary and secondary vectors
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