Possible Link between Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease

Kosaku Nitta

doi:10.4061/2011/963517

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical syndrome that consists of visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired insulin sensitivity. Although individual components of MetS have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), few studies have examined the effect of combinations of the components of MetS on the development of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of MetS is increasing worldwide in both developing and developed countries, and early detection and treatment of MetS would be a cost-effective strategy for preventing the development of CKD. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are two important features of MetS that may be associated with renal damage. Lifestyle modifications, including caloric restriction and exercise, are necessary to treat MetS. Initial antihypertensive therapy should consist of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. An improved understanding of the mechanism responsible for the association between MetS and renal damage should be helpful in determining the treatment regimens directed at cardiovascular and renal protection.

Highlights

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a major impact on the quality of life of patients, health services, and society
body mass index (BMI) was found to be associated with an increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in men in a Japanese cohort [15], and a similar positive association between CKD and obesity was demonstrated among men in a population-based study in Singapore [16]
The results showed that the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CKD of the participants with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was 2.6 in relation to participants without MetS, and the OR increased from 1.89 to 5.85 as the number of components of MetS that were present increased

Summary

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a major impact on the quality of life of patients, health services, and society. CKD is common among persons who have experienced a stroke and among patients with CVD, diabetes mellitus, and other medical conditions. In both the Western world [9] and Japan [10], there has been an increase in the prevalence of CKD that has paralleled the increase in prevalence of obesity in recent years. BMI was found to be associated with an increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in men in a Japanese cohort [15], and a similar positive association between CKD and obesity was demonstrated among men in a population-based study in Singapore [16]. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical syndrome that consists of visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired insulin sensitivity

Epidemiology of MetS and CKD

Possible Role of MetS in the Development of CKD

CKD as a Risk Factor for CVD

Treatment of CKD Associated with MetS

Findings

Conclusion and Future Prospects