Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the possible transition routes from the existing centralized energy systems in Polish cities to modern low-emission distributed energy systems based on locally available energy sources, mainly solar energy. To evaluate these possibilities, this paper first presents the current structure of energy grids and heating networks in Polish cities. A basic review of energy consumption in the building sector is given, with emphasis on residential buildings. This paper deals with the evaluation of the effectiveness of operation of central district heating systems and heat distribution systems; predicts the improvement in the effectiveness of the energy production, distribution, and use; and analyzes the possible integration of the existing system with distributed energy sources. The possibility of the introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems to reduce energy consumption by residential buildings in a big city (Warsaw) is analyzed. It is assumed that some residential buildings, selected because of their good solar insolation conditions, can be equipped with new PV installations. Electricity produced by the PV systems can be used on site and/or transferred to the grid. PV energy can be used not only for lighting and electrical appliances in homes but also to drive micro- and small-scale heat pumps. It is assumed that the PV modules are located on roofs of residential buildings and are treated as individual micro scale energy systems of installed capacity not larger than 50 kW for each of the buildings. In such a case, the micro energy system can use the grid as a virtual electricity store of 70% or 80% efficiency and can produce and transfer electricity using a net-metering scheme. The results show that the application of micro-scale PV systems would help residential buildings to be more energy efficient, reduce energy consumption based on fossil fuels significantly, and even if the grid cannot be used as a virtual electricity store then the direct self-consumption of buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 30% on average. Development of micro-scale PV systems seems to be one of the most efficient options for a quick transformation of the centralized energy system in large Polish cities to a distributed energy one based on individual renewable energy sources.
Highlights
IntroductionThe global key indicators are as follows: the efficient administration of the city, cooperation between the city (administrative bodies) and inhabitants, service availability, transport access, social life, clean environment, and land use
The idea of smart cities is not new for Poland
This sector faces very great challenges. They result from the fact that for many years the heating sector was practically not modernized
Summary
The global key indicators are as follows: the efficient administration of the city, cooperation between the city (administrative bodies) and inhabitants, service availability, transport access, social life, clean environment, and land use. Energies 2020, 13, 6007 comfort, combined with a sense of security in everyday life as a citizen Energy aspects such as energy efficiency, the safety of energy supply, and the utilization of renewables are considered, but less stress is put on them. Such a situation has been caused by good access to energy networks, mainly centralized heating networks and grids, in most of the cities since socialist times. Nowadays, society—especially young people—is becoming more interested in climate change issues, and energy availability and the efficient use of energy has become one of the most important issues for sustainable development
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