Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a premature closure of the skull sutures, manifested by deformation of the head requiring surgical treatment. An instrumental examination of the state of the cranial sutures is necessary for the differential diagnosis of craniosynostosis and benign positional deformities of the skull in infants. Traditionally, radiation methods, such as X-ray and computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction, are used for this purpose. Over the past two decades, we have accumulated a large amount of data on the high information content of the ultrasound method in assessing the state of the cranial sutures in children. Ultrasound examination is widely available, easy to perform, reproducible; it does not require sedation of the patient and does not carry radiation exposure, which is especially important when examining young children. A negative result of the study makes it possible to exclude the diagnosis of craniosynostosis, while the detection of suture fusion serves as an indication for referring the child to visit a surgeon and further examination. The ultrasound method should be more widely used as a screening method for detecting head deformity and suspicion of craniosynostosis in children of the first year of life.
Highlights
Craniosynostosis is a premature closure of the skull sutures, manifested by deformation of the head requiring surgical treatment
An instrumental examination of the state of the cranial sutures is necessary for the differential diagnosis of craniosynostosis and benign positional deformities of the skull in infants
Over the past two decades, we have accumulated a large amount of data on the high information content of the ultrasound method in assessing the state of the cranial sutures in children
Summary
Пренатальная ультразвуковая диагностика краниосиностоза у плода возможна со II триместра беременности на основании различных косвенных признаков – изменения цефалического индекса, деформации черепа, потери гипоэхогенности нормальных швов [21, 22]. Чаще диагностируют синдромальные формы краниосиностоза, при которых деформации лицевого и мозгового черепа сочетаются с другими аномалиями плода. Однако непосредственная визуализация состояния швов необходима для дифференциальной диагностики позиционных деформаций черепа и краниосиностоза, а также обязательна на этапе предоперационного планирования при краниосиностозе [12, 19]. Формы краниосиностозов [3, с изменениями] Table 1. 1. Схема швов и родничков черепа у новорожденного [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Types-of-craniosynostosis_fig1_318686801]. Diagram of sutures and fontanelles of the skull in a newborn. 2. Схема различных типов краниосиностозов и позиционной плагиоцефалии [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Types-of-craniosynostosis_fig1_318686801]. Diagram of various types of craniosynostoses and positional plagiocephaly
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