Abstract
Motivational processes can be set in motion when positive consequences of physical exercise are experienced. However, relationships between positive exercise experience and determinants of the motivational and the volitional phases of exercise change have attracted only sparse attention in research. This research examines direct and indirect associations between positive experience and motivational as well as volitional self-efficacy, intention, action planning, and exercise in two distinct longitudinal samples. The first one originates from an online observational study in the general population with three measurement points in time (N = 350) and the second one from a clinical intervention study in a rehabilitation context with four measurement points (N = 275). Structural equation modeling revealed the following: Positive experience is directly related with motivational self-efficacy as well as intentions in both samples. In the online sample only, positive experience is associated with volitional self-efficacy. In each sample, experience is indirectly associated with action planning via motivational self-efficacy and intentions. Moreover, action planning, in turn, predicts changes in physical exercise levels. Findings suggest a more prominent role of positive experience in the motivational than in the volitional phase of physical exercise change. Thus, this research contributes to the understanding of how positive experience is involved in the behavior change process.
Highlights
Delayed healing and non-unions are severe complications that can occur after fracture
The total callus volume increased over time from ~45 mm3 at day 3 up to 207mm3 (174– 295 mm3) in the healing control group and 180mm3 (136–260 mm3) in the hypertrophy group at day 14 and decreased again
We demonstrated that the change from a closed fracture to an open osteotomy approach already leads to a prolonged healing cascade with an impaired periosteal bridging after 42 days in a rat bone healing model
Summary
Delayed healing and non-unions are severe complications that can occur after fracture. A biologically active and vascularized non-union phenotype is defined as hypertrophic, whereas an atrophic non-union is considered to be relatively inactive and avascular [4]. This classification from 1982 still forms the basis for the definition of non-unions but has been refined several times [5, 6]. Studies investigated the amount of blood vessels in human atrophic non-unions and healing fractures and found no differences [7, 8]. Arteriography was performed on the ipsilateral extremity where an open fracture with a blunt trauma occurred and they found a significantly greater incidence of delayed healing or non-union in patients with arterial occlusion [13]
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