Abstract
Rapid development in UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) photogrammetry made it preferable in many applications including cultural heritage documentation. Usability, quickness and accuracy of digital images have grabbed also the attention of archaeologists. Especially orthoimages by UAVs have become considerably significant in the field of archaeological heritage documentation since they are fast and accurate images of the object with high detailed information. However their accuracy and quality are the most important features of these images for archaeological documentation. The aim of this paper is to evaluate horizontal and vertical accuracy of an orthophoto taken by a fixed-wing UAV in an archaeological area. The evaluation is made according to ASPRS (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data. The archaeological area, the name of which is Kubad Abad Palace in Beyşehir Province in Konya, is the only Anatolian Seljuk Palace structure that has survived to the present day. The study describes the orthophoto generation process and positional accuracy evaluation results within the frame of the importance of accuracy for archaeological documentation.
Highlights
With the developments in image capturing and image processing, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an alternative for cultural heritage documentation and have started to be used in diverse heritage projects
In a cultural heritage area, UAV applications are mainly focused on aerial documentation [1], observation, monitoring [2], mapping [3], 3D modeling [4] as well as producing digital orthophoto, digital elevation model (DEM) and digital surface models (DSMs) [5]
Orthophoto has been used for many years in large-scale mapping and archaeological projects
Summary
With the developments in image capturing and image processing, UAVs have become an alternative for cultural heritage documentation and have started to be used in diverse heritage projects. The information obtained from aerial or satellite images provides an overview of the area, which is fundamental for the interpretation of archaeological structures. The images obtained by metric aerial cameras (film and digital) or by high-resolution satellite sensors have been used in archaeology for a long time [6]. Many times geometric resolution of these images is inadequate for detailed studies Another limitation is related to the periods of acquisition which do not always correspond to given useful data for the purposes of the archaeological work and to the expense [7]. Whittlesey reported on the use of a tethered balloon for archaeological documentation for the first time in 1970, which he had started in 1967 [9]. Even though airborne photogrammetric surveys are used for archaeological area documentation, in some cases, they can be unfeasible because of the limited site extent, the large scale required and the expected low flight height, speed of the aircraft and the relatively high cost of the technique [10]
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