Abstract
The association between leishmania (Lsc) and systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) is rare. It is particularly serious in cases of visceral leishmania (VL). It is a parasitic infection whose hallmarks may mimic SLE symptoms especially when the two pathologies appear concomitantly. The prognosis of SLE depends on the one hand on the rapidity of diagnosis and on the other hand on the quality of treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of infection in leishmania in patients affected by SLE. It was a retrospective study including 07 patients hospitalized for leishmania and systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) in the Internal Medicine Department of the Charles Nicolle hospital during the period between January 1976 and November 2020. All patients fulfilled four or more criteria defined by the American College of Rheumatology1982, revised in 1997. The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was confirmed by a biopsy specimen. The diagnosis of VL was confirmed by the association of clinical and biology sings associated with positive bone marrow smear and/or positive serologic tests for Leishmania antibodies. Seven patients were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 27, 85 years [14-41].There were six women and one man. The diagnosis of and SLE was concomitant in three patients, while in four cases the diagnosis of leishmania was after the diagnosis of LES. The time interval between the date of discovery of leishmaniasis and the date of confirmation of the diagnosis of SLE was 36 months[2-24]. For the diagnosis of LES, malar rash, photosensitivity, nephritis, arthralgia and positive antinuclear antibody were observed in six cases. Anti-double stranded DNA antibody was positive in two cases. For the diagnosis of CL, it was based on clinical manifestation in one case and was based in cutaneous biopsy in two cases. Five patients had nephrotic syndrom and one patient had proteinuria. Patients who had renal biopsy had active lupus nephritis class III in one case and lupus nephritis class IV in three cases. Two patients had not renal biopsy because one of them had severe hypertension and the other had severe sepsis. The diagnosis of CL was clinical in one case and histological in two cases. Clinical manifestations of VL were dominated by fever, pale mucous membranes and splenomegaly. There was pancytopenia in all patients with VL. The diagnosis of VL was confirmed by serology(n=3) andbone marrow smear (n=4). Meglumine antimonite was prescribed in the three cases of CL, in the other cases pentosan polysulfate was prescribed in a single patient while in the other two cases, they required the addition of liposomal amphotericin B. One patient was died by tamponade before treatment. Two patients were died by septic shock and only one was cured. Patients with CL had scar in two cases. The last patient died of it. The distinction between the diagnosis of SLE or its exacerbation and VL may be a clinical dilemmaresponsible for diagnostic delay. All the cases diagnosed so far have been by conventional techniques, which may underestimate the incidence of this association. The results of this study highlight a high mortality rate in cases of VL with SLE accordingly with several studies in literature.
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