Abstract
In this paper, we introduce portable sensors based on genetic measurements that can be used in the field for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and disease risk based on SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). In particular, the sensors are based on electrochemical measurements that can be performed with printed electrodes and small measuring devices. Indicator molecules that can bind to nucleic acid molecules in various ways are already known, and some of these molecules have electrochemical activity. First, we investigated the change in their electrochemical responses in a solution system. As a result, we searched for nucleic acid-binding molecules whose current value changes in the presence of DNA. In addition, when we measured the change in the current value, associated with the amplification of specific genes, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification), we found that the current value decreased with the number of amplifications, indicating that specific genes can be monitored electrochemically. Based on this principle, we showed that pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, such as Salmonella, O157 E. coli, hepatitis B virus, periodontal disease bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and influenza virus, were able to be measured. The method was also applied to the diagnosis of SNPs, such as ApoE (apolipoprotein E), which is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Rapid PCR was available with a microfluidic device, and a simple method was also presented with the isothermal amplification of LAMP.
Highlights
LAMP, we found that the current value decreased with the number of amplifications, indicating that specific genes can be monitored electrochemically
Rapid PCR was available with a microfluidic device, and a simple method was presented with the isothermal amplification of LAMP
Periodontal disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms that live in the spaces Periodontal disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms that live in the spaces between the teeth and gums
Summary
Electrochemical biosensors are mainly known by potential and amperometric methods, which use the basic potential and current as indicators. Electrochemical biosensors order to screen print these electrode materials, they are mixed with a polymeric m are considered to be extremely advantageous in enabling personal use, and linking which has(point-of-care similar viscosity to that of digital ink. In order to screen print these electrode materials, they printing substrates, and transparent and flexible printed electrodes can be pr are mixed with a polymeric material, which has similar viscosity to that of ink These printed electrodes can be mass produced at low cost S1),materials and are useful safety-critical applications, such as printed the measure paper canalso be used asfor printing substrates, and transparent and flexible electrodessamples These printed electrodes can beboard mass produced at low cost to the biological The electrochemical measuring can be connected Chemical monitoring with the portable EC device; (C) Wearable monitoring sweat lacta skin; (D) Smartphone based electrochemiluminescence measurement
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