Abstract
The objective of this paper is to try to evaluate the port-city relationship from its onset, taking into account the challenges of port 4.0. Indicators such as the percentage of employees participating in training programs, the percentage of female employees in Galician ports, the percentage of merchandise moved by private operators and the percentage of companies with quality certification in Galician ports are evaluated. The fourth revolution is based on the transition from current fossil fuel-based energy models to alternative energy sources, changes in the logistics and transport parameters and finally, on the elimination of intermediation. The key component of the third pillar of new Economy 4.0 is complete digitalization. The optimum port-city solution must address the need of both the urban planner and the port manager to evaluate potential measures that would alleviate the pressure of dedicated port facilities on the city and vice versa to the greatest extent possible.
Highlights
Maritime activities have historically been a direct driver of urban growth and the city used to grow hand in hand with its port
The objective of this paper is to identify the challenges of port 4.0 from a holistic perspective and evaluate a series of indicators of the Spanish port system, and of the ports of Galicia
The port of Vigo is below 1 % and there are no available data on the port of A Coruña
Summary
Maritime activities have historically been a direct driver of urban growth and the city used to grow hand in hand with its port. Recent advances in transport technology have caused a transition from port-to-port market to door-to-door economy. This observation is described by Norcliffe, et al (1996), who held the view that until World War II, ports created cities and large ports created large cities. (Liao et al, 2010; Salazar and García-Menéndez, 2012) Taken together, these factors gave rise to the “key question” of whether ports and their host cities should be developed together, as integrated economic-functional spaces. Despite the perceived negative externalities in the urban development, ports in large cities have still experienced phenomenal growth. Research studies often analyze port system structure and the urban-city system separately, with only a few having made an attempt to integrate the two, this is necessary for a better understanding of the sustainable development of port cities in the face of regulatory and policy changes
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