Abstract
The relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases, notably including atherosclerosis and diabetes, has been studied for several years. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent component of oral microorganism communities, is the main pathogen that causes periodontitis. As a result of the extensive analysis of this organism, the evidence of its connection to systemic diseases has become more apparent over the last decade. A significant amount of research has explored the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, while relatively few studies have examined its contribution to respiratory diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and depression. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about Porphyromonas gingivalis and its systemic impact in an aim to inform readers of the existing epidemiological evidence and the most recent preclinical studies. Additionally, the possible mechanisms by which Porphyromonas gingivalis is involved in the onset or exacerbation of diseases, together with its effects on systemic health, are covered. Although a few results remain controversial, it is now evident that Porphyromonas gingivalis should be regarded as a modifiable factor for several diseases.
Highlights
Chronic periodontitis, a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease resulting from dysbacteriosis, is characterized by the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone, and it has become the primary reason for tooth loss in adults
P. gingivalis is responsible for the chronic form of periodontitis, as it can remodel the commensal bacterial community to promote a state of dysbiosis [12]
Large studies have explored the mechanisms of P. gingivalis in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of oral epithelial cells, the inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis, the promotion of immune evasion, the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, and so on (Figure 2)
Summary
A multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease resulting from dysbacteriosis, is characterized by the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone, and it has become the primary reason for tooth loss in adults. P. gingivalis is responsible for the chronic form of periodontitis, as it can remodel the commensal bacterial community to promote a state of dysbiosis [12] Throughout evolution, it has developed unique and intricate mechanisms, such as the alteration of signaling pathways of inflammation, the complement system, the cell cycle, and apoptosis, and the interaction with various host receptors, thereby engineering its environment or modifying the host’s immune response to modulate the entire ecosystem and to persist in host tissues [13]. Fimbriae are crucial for enabling P. gingivalis to bind to eukaryotic cells and other species of bacteria to enhance bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial invasion of the cells [14] It can activate various host cells and subvert host immune clearance [14]. All of the properties described above confer this species with the ability to invade distant tissues, where it is involved in the onset and/or progression of systemic diseases
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