Porphyrin-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Boosting Performance with Smart Synthesis.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are becoming a promising and revolutionary advancement within the photovoltaic field globally. Continuous improvement in efficiency, straightforward processing methods, and use of lightweight and cost-effective materials represent superior features, among other notable aspects. Still, long-term stability and durability are issues to address to facilitate widespread commercial adoption and practical application prospects. Research has focused on overcoming these challenges, and charge transport materials play a critical role in determining charge dynamics, photovoltaic performance, and device stability. Conventional hole-transporting materials (HTMs), spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA, contribute to remarkable power conversion efficiencies owing to high thin-film quality and matched energy alignment. However, they often show a high material cost, low carrier mobility, and poor stability, which greatly limit their practical applications. Now, this review outlines recent advances in synthetic approaches to porphyrin-based HTMs to tune the charge dynamics by optimizing their molecular structures and properties. The main structural features comprise porphyrins of A4-type, trans A2B2-type, and photosynthetic pigment analogues. Strategies include well-established routes to provide the required macrocycles, such as condensation of pyrrole or dipyrromethanes with suitable aldehydes, metalation of the porphyrin inner core, and postfunctionalization of peripheral positions. These functionalizations involve conventional procedures (e.g., halogenation, esterification, transesterification, nucleophilic oxidation, reduction, and nucleophilic substitution) as well as metal-catalyzed ones such as Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira, Buchwald-Hartwig, and Ullmann cross-coupling reactions. As HTMs can also protect the perovskite layer from the external environment, porphyrin structures play a pivotal role in chemical, mechanical, and environmental stability, with their high hydrophobicity ability as the most significant parameter. The impact of porphyrins on the hole hopping of other HTMs while acting as an additive or an interlayer, passivating defects, and improving charge transport is also highlighted to provide real insights into ways to develop efficient and stable porphyrin-based materials for PSCs. This perspective aims to guide the scientific community in the design of new porphyrin molecules to place PSCs as an outperformer in photovoltaic technologies.