Abstract
Nowadays, there are rising concerns about the extensive use of the antibiotics such as chloramphenicol (CAP), has threatened the human life in the form of various vicious diseases. The limited selectivity and sensitivity of confirmatory techniques (UV and electrochemical) and non-fluorescence property of CAP make its determination a challenging task in the modern pharmaceutical analysis. In order to redeem the selective, sensitive and cost-effective fluorescence methodology, here by the dual role of synthesized porous SnO2 nanoparticles were exploited; (i) a porous sorbent in a µ-QuEChERS based sample preparation and as (ii) a stimulant for the transformation of non-fluorescent analytes namely CAP and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) into their respective fluorescent product. We report a green, simple, selective and cost effective ion chromatographic method for CAP sensitive determination in three complex matrices including milk, human urine and serum. The synthesized sorbent not only selectively adsorbed and degraded the matrix/interferences but also selectively reduced the non-fluorescent antibiotic CAP into a fluorescent species. This developed ion chromatographic method exhibited good selectivity, linearity (r2 ≥ 0.996) and limit of detection (LOD) was in the range 0.0201–0.0280 µg/kg. The inter- and intraday precisions were also satisfactory having a relative standard deviation (RSDs) less than 14.96% and excellent recoveries of CAP in the range of 78.3–100.2% were retrieved in various complex samples.
Highlights
Fenicol drugs family are synthetic and broad-spectrum antibiotics, which have been extensively consumed in livestock husbandry on large scale for treatment of various diseases[1,2]
The previous analytical techniques have various limitations; for examples, gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) is sensitive technique but requires complex chemical derivatization[23], liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is rapid and sensitive techniques but these instruments are too expensive for routine analyses and out of access in developing countries laboratories[5,24,25,26]
In order to reinstate cheap, selective and sensitive fluorescence techniques for CAP determination in complex matrices, green porous SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and their multiple roles were availed for the automatic transformation of both non-fluorescent CAP and p-NP into their respective fluorescence products, and at same time as a sorbent in a μ-QuEChERS based sample preparation method used for CAP extraction and maximum elimination of organic and inorganic matrix antagonism in three complicated samples
Summary
Effect of both the reducing agents on CAP peak area can be observed from the Fig. 4(d) In this μ-extraction ultra-sonic agitation is immensely vital for extraction of analytes of interest from various matrices, especially when its multi-purpose uses were exploited: for conversion of the non-fluorescent CAP into a fluorescent specie (chemical reduction process), extraction of CAP from various complex matrices and for acceleration of analyte mass transfer into the organic phase. This elongated time enough to overcome the need for extra time which is normally required for analytes extraction from various complex matrices.
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