Abstract
Porous gold (PG) layers modified electrodes have emerged as valuable enzyme support to realize multiple enzyme-based bioelectrochemical devices like biosensors, enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs), smart drug delivery devices triggered by enzyme catalyzed reactions, etc. PG films can be synthesized by using different methods such as dealloying, electrochemical (e.g., templated electrochemical deposition, self-templated electrochemical deposition, etc.) self-assembly and sputter deposition. This review aims to summarize the recent findings about PG synthesis and electrosynthesis, its characterization and application for enzyme-based electrodes used for biosensors and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) development.
Highlights
In the last decades, upgrading the features and performance of electrocatalysts has been one of the most important topics in electrochemistry addressing a particular attention towards improving the electron transfer (ET) reaction of redox enzymes as well as the enzyme loading for biosensing and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) purpose [1,2]
Xiao et al reported that 3,30 -dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA), 6-mercaptohexanoic acid (MHA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) were electrochemically desorbed from dealloyed Porous Gold (PG)
We reported the self-templated electrodeposition of PG gold onto microneedle-based electrodes [99] developing a minimally invasive biosensor for the detection of glucose based on mediated electron transfer (MET) of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) [100,101]
Summary
In the last decades, upgrading the features and performance of electrocatalysts has been one of the most important topics in electrochemistry addressing a particular attention towards improving the electron transfer (ET) reaction of redox enzymes as well as the enzyme loading for biosensing and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) purpose [1,2]. This review aims to summarize the recent findings about PG films synthesis and can be achieved by preparing nanoparticles with a rough or porous surface [19] These kinds of electrosynthesis, their characterization and application for enzyme‐based biosensors and fuel cells, morphological features have a strong impact on the overall behavior of nanoparticles (chemical–physical focusing its attention on the relevant results achieved with the self‐templated electrodeposition properties) [20]. PG layers modified electrodes showed interesting electrochemical features, the synthesis of porous gold nanoparticles has been recently explored in order to obtain a new zero-dimensional nanomaterial with better catalytic properties compared to two-dimensional nanomaterial like PG films [19]. Porous gold nanoparticles have been synthesized following protocols that were previously listed for PG films [26] Among these strategies, the dealloying of bulk gold-based alloys is the most commonly used method. Discussed in detail pointing out the advantages and drawbacks of each method
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