Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules from Oyster Shell Promote the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Wen-Fu Ho,Mei-Hwa Lee,James L. Thomas,Jin-An Li,Shih-Ching Wu,Hsueh-Chuan Hsu,Hung-Yin Lin

doi:10.3390/ijms22179444

Abstract

Oyster shells are rich in calcium, and thus, the potential use of waste shells is in the production of calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals for osteopathic biomedical applications, such as scaffolds for bone regeneration. Implanted scaffolds should stimulate the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into osteoblasts. In this study, oyster shells were used to produce nano-grade hydroxyapatite (HA) powder by the liquid-phase precipitation. Then, biphasic CaP (BCP) bioceramics with two different phase ratios were obtained by the foaming of HA nanopowders and sintering by two different two-stage heat treatment processes. The different sintering conditions yielded differences in structure and morphology of the BCPs, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. We then set out to determine which of these materials were most biocompatible, by co-culturing with iPSCs and examining the gene expression in molecular pathways involved in self-renewal and differentiation of iPSCs. We found that sintering for a shorter time at higher temperatures gave higher expression levels of markers for proliferation and (early) differentiation of the osteoblast. The differences in biocompatibility may be related to a more hierarchical pore structure (micropores within macropores) obtained with briefer, high-temperature sintering.

Highlights

Taiwan has a history of oyster breeding on its western coast, producing large quantities of oyster shells that have been abandoned/discarded as a waste product [1]
Calcium phosphate ceramics exhibit various phases and combinations thereof, though they are mainly used in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate, or biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) [8]
BCP1, sintered at a higher temperature for a shorter time, was comprised of larger, more rod-shaped particles compared to BCP2

Summary

Introduction

Taiwan has a history of oyster breeding on its western coast, producing large quantities of oyster shells that have been abandoned/discarded as a waste product [1]. The bone regeneration potential of human-induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) has been explored by transplanting calcium phosphate granules with iMSCs [24].

Results

Conclusion