Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in young animals and children worldwide. Immunocompetent adults of different species become resistant to clinical disease due to post-infection immunity, immune system maturation and gut physiological changes. Of the 9 RV genogroups (A–I), RV A, B, and C (RVA, RVB, and RVC, respectively) are associated with diarrhea in piglets. Although discovered decades ago, porcine genogroup E RVs (RVE) are uncommon and their pathogenesis is not studied well. The presence of porcine RV H (RVH), a newly defined distinct genogroup, was recently confirmed in diarrheic pigs in Japan, Brazil, and the US. The complex epidemiology, pathogenicity and high genetic diversity of porcine RVAs are widely recognized and well-studied. More recent data show a significant genetic diversity based on the VP7 gene analysis of RVB and C strains in pigs. In this review, we will summarize previous and recent research to provide insights on historic and current prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine RVs in different geographic regions and production systems. We will also provide a brief overview of immune responses to porcine RVs, available control strategies and zoonotic potential of different RV genotypes. An improved understanding of the above parameters may lead to the development of more optimal strategies to manage RV diarrheal disease in swine and humans.
Highlights
Rotavirus (RV) is well established as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals, including nursing and weaned piglets [1]
Diarrhea associated with RVA, RVB and RVC infections in pigs is an important cause of increased mortality, growth impairment, and economic losses in Europe [73,85,126,127]. porcine RVA strains of G2, G3, G4, G5, G9 and G11 and P[6], P[7], P[13], P[23] and P[27] genotypes were isolated from feces of diarrheic and non-diarrheic Belgian piglets in 2012 [128] (Figure 2)
The remarkable diversity and genetic plasticity of porcine RVs indicate a need for further research on molecular characterization and spatio-temporal prevalence and fluctuations of endemic and emerging porcine RVs
Summary
Rotavirus (RV) is well established as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals, including nursing and weaned piglets [1]. 2008 to a Gfull-genome sequence have classification system,inwith percent identity cut-off and 37 P-genotypes been described bothnucleotide humans and animals for RVAs [13, values. Kuga and colleagues analyzed sequences of the VP7 gene of 38 porcine RVB strains from Japan (2000–2007) and the five genotypes proposed were further divided into 12 clusters, using 67% and 76% nucleotide cut-off values (66% and 79% on the amino acid level, respectively) [110]. Recent results by Marthaler et al suggested a broader diversity of porcine RVBs based on sequencing of the VP7 gene of 68 RVB strains (collected in 2009 from 14 US states and Japan) defining 20 G genotypes based on an 80% nucleotide identity cut-off value and providing the first evidence that porcine RVB genotypes may be host species- and region-specific [111]. Porcine RV Distribution, Genotype Prevalence and Spatio-Temporal Variations in the Americas
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