Abstract
In this study, the influence of several factors such as breed, sex, and production stage over the normal range values of salivary biomarkers of health status was evaluated in pigs. A total of 409 pigs of 2 different breeds (conventional Large White × Duroc and Iberian pigs) were included in the study. Animals were divided into different groups according to their sex (male or female) and the stage of the production cycle they were in (post-weaning, nursery, fattening, and finishing). The levels of an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and two acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in saliva samples. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) was quantified for the first time in porcine saliva; therefore, an analytical validation and stability analysis during storage at −80°C were also performed. Differences according to breed were observed for all the markers studied; thus, the influence of age and sex on the normal range values were studied separately for conventional and Iberian pigs. In Large White × Duroc pigs the overall median values of ADA, CRP, Hp and TAC were 282 U/L, 10.49 ng/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, and 21.73 μM Trolox equivalents, respectively. However, higher values of inflammatory marker and acute phase proteins were observed in males at the initial stages of the production cycle, while females presented higher values when they had reached sexual maturity. In Iberian pigs the overall median values observed were 585 U/L, 4.81 ng/mL, 0.63 μg/mL, and 21.21 μM Trolox equivalents for ADA, CRP, Hp, and TAC respectively with slight differences in the influence of the studied factors. Sex differences were not observed in the levels of acute phase proteins in Iberian pigs, probably due to the castration of males during the first days of life; however, ADA levels were found to be higher in male pigs at the end of the production cycle. It could be concluded that breed, sex, and production stage influence the range values of salivary markers of health status in pigs and should be taken into account to further establish reference intervals.
Highlights
The salivary protein profiles obtained from healthy and diseased animals exhibit whole saliva’s ability to reflect systemic conditions in pigs [1]
Several studies have indicated that salivary acute phase protein (APP) concentrations can be utilized as early indicators of the health status of pigs [2, 3]
Regarding acute phase protein concentrations, differences were observed for both proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Hp, with lower values observed in Iberian pigs in comparison to conventional pigs
Summary
The salivary protein profiles obtained from healthy and diseased animals exhibit whole saliva’s ability to reflect systemic conditions in pigs [1]. Several studies have indicated that salivary acute phase protein (APP) concentrations can be utilized as early indicators of the health status of pigs [2, 3] This statement is of great value taking into account that some diseased pigs did not develop leucocytosis in spite of having clinical signs and pathological lesions but experienced an evident increase in APPs [4, 5]. Due to its low specificity, APPs cannot be used to identify the specific etiology of the inflammation or a specific disease but the mere presence of an unspecific homeostasis disturbance: the use of an APP index has been highly suggested in serum samples [10] In this context, the incorporation of other alternative markers of immune responses such as ADA, an enzyme involved in the development and maintenance of the immune system, could be of great value. ADA was recently reported to be increased in local inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis or abscesses, and in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders [12]; its potential implication mechanism in each pathology has not been described until now
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