Population Viability and Conservation Strategies for the Eurasian Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in Southeast Europe.

Dimitrios E Bakaloudis,Graham J Holloway,Christos G Vlachos,Evangelos G Kotsonas,Reuven Yosef,Kyriakos G Dimitriou

doi:10.3390/ani11010124

Abstract

Simple SummaryVultures have suffered dramatic declines worldwide. Using population viability models for the Eurasians Black Vulture population in Southeast Europe, we found that the current population is viable for a period of 100 years. However, high levels of poisoning, food reduction, and increase of wind farms make the population prone to extinction. With no supplementary feeding, the population showed an increased but low extinction risk. Our results suggest that removing and translocating juveniles from the extant population to a historic breeding area would not negatively affect the existing population. We suggest the establishment of more supplementary feeding sites and the reintroduction of the species to former breeding areas, along with the elimination of threats posed by poisoning and wind farms in order to increase the population and enhance the dispersal of the species across its historic range in Southeast Europe.The Eurasian Black Vulture is a globally threatened raptor that in Southeast Europe only occurs in an isolated population in Greece. We examined the population viability for the species under demographic fluctuations and conservation scenarios. The current population showed no possibility of extinction for the next 100 years. However, simulated scenarios showed that the most important factor affecting the viability of the species was medium and high poisoning, leading to 94.8% and 100% probability of extinction, respectively. Furthermore, high reduction of supplementary feeding highlighted an 18.6% extinction possibility. Also, a high increase of wind farms in the area may result in 17.4% extinction possibility. Additionally, the non-establishment of the feeding station in 1987 in the study area would have resulted in an extinction risk of 7%. The species can be translocated to the Olympus National Park by releasing 80 juveniles over 10 years. The implementation of the conservation scenarios concerning the establishment of a supplementary feeding site network, and the reintroduction of the Eurasian Black Vulture in its historic range, along with the elimination of threats posed by poisoning, low food availability, and wind farms would increase the probability of the species persistence and allow the population to become a source for dispersal across Southeast Europe.

Highlights

In recent years, the species extinction rate has accelerated worldwide and is a thousand times higher than through natural processes alone [1]
The aim of our study was to assess the probability of persistence of the isolated Eurasian Black Vulture population in Southeast Europe and to investigate the factors affecting the population, poisoning, reduction of supplementary feeding, and increase of wind farms
The most important factor affecting the viability of the Eurasian Black Vulture population was poisoning, which was introduced as a catastrophic event

Summary

Introduction

The species extinction rate has accelerated worldwide and is a thousand times higher than through natural processes alone [1]. Small, isolated populations are especially vulnerable to extinction [2] due to deterministic and stochastic threats [3]. The conservation of such populations is challenging [4]. In Europe, vulture population declines began in the mid-19th century leading to local extinctions of some species [6]. In the early 21st century, vulture populations showed a more stable and slightly increasing trend due to changes in European legislation [13] and intensive management and conservation [13,19]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion