Abstract
To provide alternatives to the use of spraying synthetic insecticides in C. capitata management, was evaluated the effect of "attract and kill" toxic baits on population suppression of C. capitata in three commercial areas producing table grapes. Toxic baits of Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) and Success™ 0.02 CB (4.0 L ha-1) resulted in lower population levels of C. capitata adults in monitoring traps after five sequential applications at weekly intervals during the maturation period of the grapes when compared with control plots with or without insecticidal spray. In addition, plots with Gelsura™ and Success™ 0.02 CB applications showed a significant reduction in damage (%) by C. capitata on grape berries and grape bunches when compared with control plots without or with insecticidal spray. However, when compared with a plot treated by conventional management with sprays of etofenprox (Safety™, 100 g c.p. (commercial product) 100 L-1) and applications of spinosad (Success™ 0.02 CB toxic bait) with a brush, only Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) showed a lower level of damage of grape berries and grape bunches. Toxic baits Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) and Success™ 0.02 CB (4.0 L ha-1) are promising alternatives for the population suppression of C. capitata on table grapes.
Highlights
Among the main fruits produced and exported by Brazil, table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the Sub-medium São Francisco River Valley, located in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil (Ferreira et al 2010) are notable
The management of C. capitata has been accomplished through the integration of different control strategies (Navarro-Llopis et al 2015) where there is infestation, the cleaning and destruction of damaged grapes is primarily carried out during the three weeks prior to harvesting and “attract and kill” such as toxic baits and mass trapping are applied in addition to the use of insecticides spray (Raga and Sato 2005, Urbaneja et al 2009, Cook and Fraser 2015, Botton et al 2016)
In Area 2, the application of toxic baits resulted in the suppression of infestation by adults of C. capitata up to 28 DBH, and during this period, GelsuraTM and SuccessTM 0.02 CB maintained the infestation below the control level (FTD = 0.14 and 0.29, respectively)
Summary
Among the main fruits produced and exported by Brazil, table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the Sub-medium São Francisco River Valley, located in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil (Ferreira et al 2010) are notable. In Brazil, the management of C. capitata in commercial orchards involves the use of organophosphate insecticides as cover sprays that aim to control adults flying in the orchard as well eggs and larvae inside the fruits by the depth effect (Raga and Sato 2011, Botton et al 2016). This management strategy has been effective for several years, the use of organophosphate insecticides has been restricted in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) due its high toxicity, longer postharvest interval (Chueca et al 2007, Härter et al 2015), similar to events in Europe (NavarroLlopis et al 2013), evolution of the resistance of the C. capitata to the insecticide malathion (Magaña et al 2007, Couso-Ferrer et al 2011, Vontas et al 2011, Arouri et al 2015), besides the occurrence of population outbreaks due to the high toxicity to mites (Hardman et al 2007, Botton et al 2016) and deleterious effects on natural enemies (Michaud 2003, Ruiz et al 2008, Urbaneja et al 2009).
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