Population structure of North Pacific gray whales in light of trans‐Pacific movements

Abstract

AbstractRecent findings that some gray whales that feed off Sakhalin Island (SI), Russia, in the western North Pacific (WNP) overwinter in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) indicate that population structure in this species is more complex than originally thought. We generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and microsatellite genotypes (n = 12 loci) from 156 whales sampled off SI and compared them to available data from 106 ENP whales. Significant mitochondrial and nuclear genetic differentiation between the SI and ENP whales was found. Genetic cluster analysis identified two groups among the SI whales, one of which was genetically similar to ENP whales. Photographs collected from the biopsied SI whales showed that both groups comprised whales known to migrate to the ENP, suggesting that the clustering pattern was not reflective of some SI whales interbreeding while overwintering in the WNP. Instead, the genetic differentiation observed between the SI and ENP whales may be due to assortative mating of SI whales while west of eastern migratory routes. The rare but continued reports of gray whales off the coasts of Japan and China, however, confirm that some gray whales overwinter in the WNP and highlight the need to collect additional data from these whales.