Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is the end result of a multitude of factors. Some of the key factors beyond innate resistance include antimicrobial selective pressure (1–5), acquisition of a foreign genetic resistance element(s) (1–5), clonal dissemination (1) and new mutations (2,3,5); factors vary for different species and geographical locations. Increased global antimicrobial use is the foremost reason for the spread of AMR in the community setting (1). Social networks of individuals (households, schools and child care facilities) have served both as a reservoir for these bacteria and as a common route for their transmission. Similarly, hospitals, nursing homes and long-term care facilities have also served as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant organisms, and the discharge of patients from these facilities contributes to the spread of resistance within communities. In addition, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been an important contributing cause (1).
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is the end result of a multitude of factors
Health care-associated strains of methicillin-resistant S aureus (HA-MRSA) have been known to cause a wide variety of infections
Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) is distinguished from HA-MRSA, in part, by the type of staphylococcal chromosomal cassette – a mobile chromosomal element that carries the methicillin resistance gene mec
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is the end result of a multitude of factors. The introduction of methicillin in 1961 was quickly followed by reports of methicillin-resistant isolates in hospitals, and is seen regularly in community-based infections [6]. Health care-associated strains of methicillin-resistant S aureus (HA-MRSA) have been known to cause a wide variety of infections (eg, wound infections, catheter-associated bacteremias or prosthesis infections).
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